248 Kline
- Kline, “Construing ‘Technology’ as ‘Applied Science.’”
- On this approach to studying the word “technology,” see Ruth Oldenziel,
“Signifying Semantics for a History of Technology,” Technology and Culture 47 (2006):
477–85. - This section is based on Kline, “Construing ‘Technology’ as ‘Applied Science.’”
- Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “Technology”; Jacob Bigelow, Elements of Technol-
ogy: Taken Chiefl y from a Course of Lectures Delivered at Cambridge, on the Application of
the Sciences to the Useful Arts (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, 1829), iii–v;
Howard P. Segal, Technological Utopianism in American Culture (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1985), 78–81; and Eric Schatzberg, “Technik Comes to America:
Changing Meanings of Technology before 1930,” Technology and Culture 47 (2006): 491.
Schatzberg notes that Bigelow did not use the term “technology” in the main part of
the book, that Bigelow dropped it from the title of a second edition in 1840, and that
the use of the term did not increase from 1829 to the establishment of MIT. - Carl Mitcham, Thinking through Technology: The Path between Engineering and
Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 116–31. - Leo Marx, “The Idea of ‘Technology’ and Postmodern Pessimism,” in Does Tech-
nology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism, ed. Merritt Roe Smith
and Leo Marx (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994), 237–57; Leo Marx, “Technology:
The Emergence of a Hazardous Concept,” Social Research 64 (1997): 965–68; and Ruth
Oldenziel, “From Elite Profession to Mass Occupation,” in Making Technology Masculine:
Men, Women, and Modern Machines in America, 1870–1950 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam
University Press, 1999), 51–90. - Schatzberg, “Technik Comes to America,” 494, 503.
- See, e.g., the addresses of Julius E. Hilgard (1876), Edward C. Pickering (1877),
and Ira Remsen (1879) in Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, 25 (1876): 1–16; 26 (1877): 63–72; 28 (1879): 213–28. - Henry Rowland, “A Plea for Pure Science,” in The Physical Papers of Henry Au-
gustus Rowland (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1902), 594–613. - National Conference of Electricians, Report of the Electrical Conference at Phila-
delphia in September 1884 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Offi ce, 1886),
86–107, 111. - Robert H. Thurston, “The Mechanic Arts and the Modern Educations; An Ad-
dress Delivered before the Virginia Mechanics Institute.. .” (pamphlet, Richmond, VA,
1894), 14. - Robert H. Thurston, “On an Engineering Experiment Station,” Sibley Journal of
Engineering 10 (1896): 280. - Robert H. Thurston, “Our Progress in Mechanical Engineering,” Transactions
of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2 (1881): 431; and Thurston, “Needs and
Opportunities of a Great Technical College,” Scientifi c American 36 (Suppl.) (1893):
- Robert H. Thurston, “Engineering as a Learned Profession,” Scientifi c American
38 (Suppl.) (1894): 15467. - Gano Dunn, “The Relation of Electrical Engineering to Other Professions,”
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 31 (1912): 1031. - W. R. Whitney, “Incidents of Applied Research,” Journal of Industrial and Engi-