306 Thurs and Numbers
included Roy Wallis, ed., On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected
Knowledge (University of Keele, 1979); Marsha P. Hanen, Margaret J. Osler, and Robert G.
Weyant, eds., Science, Pseudo- Science and Society ([Waterloo,ON]: Wilfrid Laurier Uni-
versity Press, 1980); Daisie Radner and Michael Radner, Science and Unreason (Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth, 1982); Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, Frames of Meaning: The Social
Construction of Extraordinary Science (London: Routledge, 1982); Thomas Leahey and
Grace Leahey, Psychology’s Occult Doubles: Psychology and the Problem of Pseudoscience
(Chicago: Nelson- Hall, 1983); Rachel Laudan, ed., The Demarcation between Science
and Pseudo- Science (Blacksburg, VA: Center for the Study of Science in Society, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1983); Nachman Ben- Yehuda, Deviance and
Moral Boundaries: Witchcraft, the Occult, Science Fiction, Deviant Sciences, and Scientists
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); Terence Hines, Pseudoscience and the
Paranormal (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1988); Nathan Aaseng, Science versus Pseu-
doscience (New York: Franklin Watts, 1994); Michael Zimmerman, Science, Nonscience,
and Nonsense: Approaching Environmental Liberacy (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1995); Michael W. Friedlander, At the Fringes of Science (Boulder,
CO: Westview Press, 1995); Paul R. Gross, Norman Levitt, and Martin W. Lewis, eds.,
The Flight from Science and Reason (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1996);
Henry H. Bauer, Science or Pseudoscience: Magnetic Healing, Psychic Phenomena, and Other
Heterodoxies (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001); Robert L. Park, Voodoo Science:
The Road from Foolishness to Fraud (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). On pseu-
doscience, see Seymour H. Mauskopf, “Marginal Science,” in Companion to the History of
Modern Science, ed. R. C. Olby et al. (London: Routledge, 1990), 869–85.- David Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery, 2nd ed. (1976; Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1991), 7 (tenets); Seymour H. Mauskopf and Michael R. McVaugh,
The Elusive Science: Origins of Experimental Psychical Research (Baltimore, MD: The Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1980); Roger Cooter, The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science:
Phrenology and the Organization of Consent in Nineteenth- Century Britain (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1984); Numbers, The Creationists; Winter, Mesmerized;
Michael Shermer, ed., The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, 2 vols. (Santa Barbara,
CA: ABC Clio, 2002). For a scathing indictment of the “strong programme,” see Larry
Laudan, “The Pseudo- Science of Science?” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 11 (1981):
173–98. - T. Harry Leith, ed., The Contrasts and Similarities among Science, Pseudoscience,
the Occult, and Religion, 4th ed. (Toronto, 1986); Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned
(New York: Boni & Liveright, 1919). - Andrew Ross, Strange Weather (New York: Verso, 1991), 15–74.
- In a lecture given in 1974, the physicist Richard P. Feynman packaged pseu-
doscience as “Cargo Cult Science”; see Feynman, “Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!”:
Adventures of a Curious Character (1985; New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 338–46. See
also Gerald Holton, Science and Anti- Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1993); and P. W. Huber, Galileo’s Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom (New York: Basic
Books, 1991).