Wrestling with Nature From Omens to Science

(Romina) #1

332 Thurs


Victorian Britain (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1993); Richard Yeo, “Scien-
tifi c Method and the Rhetoric of Science in Britain, 1830–1917,” in Schuster and Yeo,
Politics and Rhetoric, 259–97.


  1. Francis Bacon, New Organon, quoted in Ernan McMullin, “Conceptions of
    Science in the Scientifi c Revolution,” in Reappraisals of the Scientifi c Revolution, ed.
    David C. Lindberg and Robert S. Westman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
    1990), 45; Gower, Scientifi c Method, 40–62; Larry Laudan, Science and Hypothesis, 9–10;
    “Education in Europe,” Southern Literary Messenger, January 1845, 3.

  2. David Brewster, The Life of Sir Isaac Newton (New York: Harper and Brothers,
    1831), 294.

  3. Northrop Frye, Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake (Princeton, NJ:
    Prince ton University Press, 1969), 22–3; Larry Laudan, Science and Hypothesis, 114–127.

  4. George Daniels, American Science in the Age of Jackson (New York: Columbia
    University Press, 1968), 198.

  5. Mark Twain, The Autobiography of Mark Twain, ed. Charles Neider (New York,
    1959), 64. On phrenology in America, see Madeleine B. Stern, Heads and Headlines
    (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971); John D. Davies, Phrenology, Fad and Sci-
    ence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1955).

  6. Nathaniel Bradstreet Shurtleff, An Epitome of Phrenology (Boston, 1835), 8;
    Orson Fowler and Lorenzo Fowler, Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and Applied (New York,
    1837), 44 (original emphasis).

  7. Orson Fowler, Fowler’s Practical Phrenology (New York, 1848), 8; Andrew Board-
    man, Defence of Phrenology (New York, 1850), 10–11.

  8. Paul M. Roget, Outlines of Physiology (Philadelphia, 1839), 35, 487; Dr. Thom-
    son, “Phrenology,” Ladies Repository, December 1841, 366; “Examination of Phrenol-
    ogy,” Southern Literary Messenger, November 1839, 742.

  9. George S. Weaver, Lectures on Mental Science (New York, 1852), 35; Shurtleff,
    An Epitome of Phrenology, 8; W. Byrd Powell, Natural History of Human Temperaments
    (Cincinnati, 1856), 203; Fowler and Fowler, Phrenology Proved, 44.

  10. Orson Fowler and Lorenzo Fowler, New Illustrated Self- Instructor in Phrenology
    (New York, 1859), 65–66.

  11. Orson Fowler, Phrenology Defended (New York, 1842), 14.

  12. Ibid., v; Lydia N. Fowler, Familiar Lessons on Phrenology (New York, 1848), 2:176
    (original emphasis).

  13. “Introductory Statement,” American Phrenological Journal, October 1, 1838, 3–4.

  14. Daniels, American Science in the Age of Jackson, 197.

  15. Greg Dening, “Introduction: In Search of a Metaphor,” in Through a Glass
    Darkly: Refl ections on Personal Identity in Early America, ed. Ronald Hoffman, Fredrika
    Teute, and Mechal Sobel (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 2.

  16. Susan Faye Cannon, Science in Culture (New York: Science History Publications,
    1978).

  17. Fowler and Fowler, New Illustrated Self- Instructor in Phrenology, 65–66; Orson
    Fowler, Fowler on Memory (New York, 1842), 80.

  18. Thomas Broman, “The Habermasian Public Sphere and ‘Science in the Enlight-
    enment,’” History of Science 36 (1998): 142.

  19. “Angela, Chapter V,” Catholic World, November 1869, 167.


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