374 Lightman
- Proctor, The Universe of Suns, 346–8.
- [Richard A. Proctor], “Letters Received and Short Answers,” Knowledge 6
(Nov. 28, 1884): 452. - Proctor, Wages and Wants of Science- Workers, 18, 22.
- Richard A. Proctor, “Newton and Darwin,” Knowledge 1 (April 28, 1882):
545–46. - Bernard Lightman, “Astronomy for the People: R. A. Proctor and the Popular-
ization of the Victorian Universe,” in Facets of Faith and Science, ed. Jitse van der Meer
(Lanham, New York: The Pascal Centre for Advanced Studies in Faith and Science,
Redeemer College, Ancaster, Ontario, and University Press of America, Inc., 1996),
3:31–45. - Richard A. Proctor, Other Worlds Than Ours: The Plurality of Worlds Studied Under
the Light of Recent Scientifi c Researchers (New York: A. L. Fowle, 1870), 25. - Ibid., 18.
- Jonathan Topham, “Scientifi c Publishing and the Reading of Science in
Nineteenth- Century Britain: A Historiographical Survey and Guide to Sources,” Studies
in History and Philosophy of Science 31 (2000): 560–61. - Roy M. MacLeod, “Evolutionism, Internationalism and Commercial Enterprise
in Science: The International Scientifi c Series 1871–1910,” in Development of Science
Publishing in Europe, ed. A. J. Meadows (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers), 63–93;
Leslie Howsam, “An Experiment with Science for the Nineteenth- Century Book- Trade:
The International Scientifi c Series,” British Journal for the History of Science 33 (2000):
187–207. The North British Physicists were also involved in popularizing efforts. - Topham, “Scientifi c Publishing and the Reading of Science in Nineteenth-
Century Britain,” 568. - The emphasis on texts in this paper creates something of a problem in getting
across the point that members of the public contested the meanings of science offered
to them by elite scientists, and even by popularizers of science. It inevitably focuses at-
tention on battles over who gets to write the texts with the authority of science behind
them and it places the public in the role of the consumer of scientifi c writing. Since it
is sometimes diffi cult to see any real agency in the activity of reading, it is important
to draw attention toward the ways in which the public may have shaped the meaning
of science through their participation in scientifi c activities—their scientifi c practice—
above and beyond their role as critical readers. Lynn Nyhart brought this point to my
attention. - David Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History, 2nd ed. (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1994); David Allen, The Victorian Fern Craze: A History of
Pteridomania (London: Hutchinson, 1969). In a striking instance of the shaping of
professional science by members of the public, Alberti has discussed how amateurs
and professionals redefi ned their identities in response to each other in late Victorian
Yorkshire. See Samuel J. M. M. Alberti, “Amateurs and Professionals in One County:
Biology and Natural History in Late Victorian Yorkshire,” Journal of the History of Biology
34 (2001): 115–47. - McLaughlin- Jenkins, “Common Knowledge.”
- Anne Secord, “Science in the Pub: Artisan Botanists in Early
Nineteenth- Century Lancashire,” History of Science 32 (1994): 269–315.