405Abu ̄ Rashı ̄d, Ha ̄ru ̄n, 73
Achard, Franz Karl, 178
active intellect, 63, 68, 69, 70, 77
Addison, Joseph, 184
Adelard of Bath, 88, 89–90
Aelian, Claudius, 129
Agassiz, Louis, 347
agriculture, 189–90, 192, 193
Alan of Lille, 88
al- Ba ̄qilla ̄nı ̄, Abu Bakr, 75, 76
Albert the Great. See Albertus Magus
Albertus Magnus, 93, 102, 104, 120, 121, 124
alchemy, 46, 87, 185; and chemistry, 5, 288;
as pseudoscience, 282, 286, 287, 294,
300
Alderotti, Taddeo, 203
Aldrovandi, Ulisse, 120
d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 149, 158, 162–63,
175, 185
Alexander of Halesr, 104
al- Fa ̄ra ̄bı ̄, Abu Nasr, 61–62, 63, 68, 69, 70,
72, 77, 90
al- Ghaza ̄lı ̄, Abu ̄, 74, 77
Algaritti, Francesco, 184
al- Kindı ̄, Abu ̄ Yu ̄suf Ya‘qu ̄b ibn Isha ̄q, 59, 61,
63, 67–69, 75
Allen, David, 363
Allen, Frederick Lewis, 266, 321
Almack, John E., 324
Almagest (Ptolemy), 19, 90, 96, 150
Ambrose of Milan, 121
American Association for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS), 228, 229, 230, 234,
235, 239, 273, 287, 290, 323, 346
Ammonius (Hermiae), 64–65, 72
anatomy, 192, 204, 205; Greek, 48–52; medi-
eval, 92, 103; plant, 124
anesthetics, 209, 215–16
anthropology, 293, 325, 388
applied science. See science: applied
Aquinas, Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas
Arago, François, 188
Archimedes, 85, 152, 153
Aristotelianism, 52, 76, 77, 90, 99, 125, 135,
154, 157, 158, 161; early modern, 133;
and mathematics, 152; medieval, 94,
100; and natural philosophy, 152
Aristotle, 39, 45, 71, 73, 93, 97, 123, 165,
179, 191, 202, 227; on demonstrative
knowledge, 95, 99, 100, 153; on the di-
vision of the sciences, 39–40, 45, 87, 91,
92, 94–95, 96, 150, 151; on medicine,
203; Metaphysics, 98–99, 104; on mo-
tion, 41–43, 53–54, 68, 106; natural his-
tory of, 48, 102, 120–21, 122–24, 131,
132; on nature, 37, 47–48, 60–63, 64,
66, 70, 74–75; On The Heavens, 42–43;
Physics, 103, 154, 175; Posterior Analyt-INDEX