Index 411laboratories, 182, 325; industrial research,
231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 240, 246, 321;
medical, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 216,
217; natural history and, 141; public,
390; as a scientifi c space, 346, 348–49,
352, 353, 354, 367, 378, 382, 383, 384,
385–86, 387–88, 391
Lakatos, Imre, 272
Lamarck, Jean- Baptiste, 348, 390
Lambert, Alexander, 216
Langmuir, Irving, 231–32, 234
Lankester, Edwin Ray, 344
Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 187, 188, 194
Laudan, Larry, 298
Lavoisier, Antoine, 165, 177–78, 187
Lawrence, Ernest, 238
Layard, Austen Henry, 12
LeConte, Joseph, 289, 320
Lefebvre, Henri, 380–82, 385
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 137–38, 159, 195
Leonardo da Vinci, 238
Lesser, Friedrich, 130
Levi ben Gerson, 93, 103
Lewontin, Richard, 271
libraries, research, 383–84
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, 183, 194–95,
196
Licoppe, Christian, 164
Lindberg, David, 3, 378–79
Linnaeus, Carl, 127, 128, 131
Linton, Eliza Lynn, 358
Lippmann, Walter, 295
Lister, Joseph, 201, 207, 216
Livingstone, David, 386
Lloyd, Geoffrey, 3
Locke, John, 174, 175
Lockyer, Norman, 360
logic, 88, 94, 150, 201; Aristotelian, 73, 100,
204; mathematical, 98, 151, 160
logical positivism, 266, 317
Loudon, Jane, 358
Louis, Pierre, 206
Lubbock, John, 345
Lunar Society, the, 190
Luther, Martin, 123
Lyceum, 39, 47
Lyell, Charles, 241, 358
Machen, John Gresham, 265
Macintosh, Douglas Clyde, 264
MacKaye, James, 319
Maclean, Ian, 204
magic, 26, 28, 201
Magnusson, C. Edward, 235
Maimonides, Moses, 77
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 292, 388
Malus, Etienne, 188
Mandeville, Bernard, 204
Mann, Tom, 364–65, 366
Martianus Capella, 86, 88
Martin, Benjamin, 184, 186
Martin, Stephen C., 213
Marum, Martinus van, 181
Mason, Josiah, 225
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 226,
227, 228, 231, 235, 238
materialism, 339, 350, 381; and Darwinism,
291, 349; and modern science, 271; and
scientifi c method, 317. See also natural-
ism; North British scientists
mathematics, 44–47, 84, 151, 174, 175,
176, 184, 187, 204, 205, 293, 322;
applied, 46, 166, 167, 188, 191; and
experimental philosophy, 158, 162, 165,
167, 178, 181, 183; medieval, 90, 91,
92, 96–98, 99, 100, 101, 106; mixed,
5, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158,
160–67, 178, 179, 184, 185, 187, 194;
pure, 149–50, 152, 154, 156, 158, 163,
188; relation to natural philosophy, 89,
95, 96, 97, 98; status of, 154. See also
physico- mathematics
Mather, Cotton, 205
matter, 43, 53–54, 69, 71
Matthews, Shailer, 264
Maudsley, Henry, 344
Maupertuis, Pierre- Louis, 136
Maxwell, James Clerk, 339, 351, 353–54
McGee, William John, 390
Mead, Margaret, 325
Méchain, P. F. A., 188
mechanics: Cartesian, 162; and mathematics,
150, 152, 153, 177, 178; medieval, 89,
99; and physics, 160–61; rational, 163
medicine: American, 208–211; ancient
Greek, 49, 65, 67, 85; Arabic, 65–66; art
of, 202, 203, 217; education, 209–210;
history of, 201–2, 207, 214–15; me-
dieval, 84, 88, 91, 94, 100, 101, 103,
105; professionalization of, 202, 207–8;
and pseudoscience, 286, 290, 292,
294; Renaissance, 118, 119, 120, 122;
scientifi c status of, 201, 202, 206, 207,
208, 210–14, 215–17; sectarian, 212–14;
seventeenth century, 124, 128; social
status of, 201–7, 211, 212, 213