412 Index
Mencken, Henry Louis, 295
Mersenne, Marin, 155, 156
Merton College, Oxford, 97, 98
metaphysics, 99, 100, 103, 104, 206, 267
Metaphysics (Aristotle), 98–99, 104
method, scientifi c. See scientifi c method
Meyer, A. W., 294
Michelson, Albert, 234
microscope, 122
Mill, John Stuart, 142, 312
Miller, Samuel, 205
Millikan, Robert, 232–33, 267, 321–22
miracles, 93
Monardes, Nicholas, 122
Monte, Guidobaldo dal, 152
montgolfi ères, 186–87
Morgan, Augustus de, 285, 341
Morgan, John, 205
Morley, Daniel, 90
morphology, 141
Morris, Henry M., 269
motion, 42, 43, 44, 53, 90, 102; celestial, 46,
53, 54, 55, 67–69, 70, 72, 150, 153, 161;
quantifi cation of, 97–98; self- motion,
54, 61
Moulton, Forest Ray, 239
Murphy, Nancey, 272
museums, 186, 364; natural history, 117,
128, 131, 143, 214, 349, 367; origin
of, 389; as a scientifi c space, 346, 378,
379, 382, 383, 388–89, 391. See also
Noah’s Ark
music, 86, 96, 97, 150, 151, 162
Musschenbroek, Pieter van, 176
mythology, Babylonian, 25–26National Science Foundation (NSF), 240,
241, 242, 243, 244, 245
natural history, 2, 5, 117–48, 193, 214, 255,
284, 285, 347–48; in antiquity, 38, 120,
123; Buffon’s conception of, 136–37,
163; Francis Bacon’s conception of,
125–26, 127, 132–34, 139, 140, 158,
166; humanism and, 120–21, 124; and
medicine, 119, 128, 203, 205, 214; and
natural theology, 121, 129–31, 134, 137,
138–39, 140, 142, 254, 256, 347, 348,
357; Pliny’s, 38, 120, 129, 132, 203; as
popular science, 142–43, 357, 358, 363,
368; professionalization of, 140–41;
relation to biology, 141, 347–48, 352,
367; relation to natural philosophy,
117, 132–33, 135, 138, 367; religiousjustifi cations for, 127–29, 134–35, 140,
142; Renaissance, 117–22, 124; and
sacred history, 134–36, 137, 140, 269;
scientifi c status of, 131, 132, 133, 138,
139, 141, 142, 284, 285, 320, 347. See
also biology; botany; zoology
naturalism, 255, 261, 271–72, 339, 340,
343–54, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360,
361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 367–68; and
Darwinism, 140, 288, 317, 347, 366; in
medieval natural philosophy, 90, 93;
methodological, 256, 266, 271, 317
natural philosopher, 93, 179–83, 184,
185, 186, 194–95, 196, 254. See also
scientist
natural philosophy, 2, 5, 65, 84, 88, 125,
135, 138, 165, 166, 173–99, 254, 255,
256, 284, 285, 351, 352, 353, 354, 367;
Aristotelian, 39–40, 66, 73, 90, 94;
defi nitions of, 39, 87, 89, 90, 95, 99,
132, 173–75; early modern, 149, 152,
153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164,
166–67, 183, 312; and experimentation,
176–77; and medicine, 202–3, 204, 205;
in medieval universities, 84, 90, 92, 94,
99, 100–101, 105–6; professionalization
of, 179–82, 202; relation to math-
ematics, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98; relation to
natural history, 117, 132–33, 135, 138,
367; relation to theology, 98, 103–4. See
also physics
natural selection, 139, 140, 142
natural theology, 272, 315, 356; and the gen-
tlemen of science, 341, 342–43, 361–62;
medieval, 87; and natural history,
129–30, 131, 132, 134, 137–39, 140–41,
142, 254, 255; and natural philosophy,
175, 256. See also physico- theology
nature, 36, 51, 61; deifi ed, 50; conceptions
of, 9, 24, 56, 76, 118, 125–26, 125;
providence of, 50–51, 53; the word,
60–61, 63, 64, 65, 125
Neo- Platonism, 64, 73, 86, 137
Newton, Isaac, 135, 139, 156, 159, 161,
175, 176, 179, 180, 195, 205, 312, 361,
396; conception of natural philosophy,
157–60, 161, 162, 164, 166, 195, 254,
320; on the interpretation of scripture,
394–96; Opticks, 157, 161, 195; Principia
mathematica, 157, 158, 159, 161
New World, 122, 136
Nichols, M. Louise, 322
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 43