ratio) used as a model of white-rot fungi known to be a good producer of laccases
(Martín-Sampedro et al. 2013 ; Martín-Sampedro et al. 2013 ; Eugenio et al. 2013 ).
Endophytic strains showing positive oxidation were identified a member of asco-
mycetes such as Neofusicoccum, Ulocladium, Lophiostoma, Pringsheimia,
Hormonema, Dothiorella, Pyrenochaeta,andConiothyrium) and Sordariomycetes
(genus Leiosphaerella). Four strains classified as genera Phaeomoniella and
Tumulariaand were ofIncertae sedisclasses. It should be noted that the majority of
endophytic strains found a member of Dothideomycetes and to the orders of
Pleosporales, Dothideales, and Eurotiomycetes. This predominance of
Dothideomycetes in this screening can be due to different facts (i) more common in
the endophytic community; (ii) their isolation is easier than that of others endo-
phytes or (iii) produce more oxidoreductases.
Endophytic strains of Xylariaceae shown ligninolytic activity on agar medium
using Poly R-478 as indicator (Urairuj et al. 2003 ; Cruz et al. 2012 ); and a positive
result has been found with naphthol inCurvularia sp., Nigrospora sp. and
Fusariumsp. from Pleosporaceae and Nectriaceae families, respectively (Patel et al.
2013 ).
Various workers have observed laccase activity in liquid medium for some
endophytic fungi (Anderson et al. 2005 ; Fillat et al. 2016 ; Shary et al. 2007 )
(Table12.2). These include members of the class Sordariomycetes, and family
Xylariaceae (Urairuj et al. 2003 ),Fusarium proliferatumof the family Nectriaceae
(Anderson et al. 2005 ; Muthezhilan et al. 2014 ),Podospora anserinaof the family
Lasiosphaeriaceae (Durand et al. 2013 ),Chaetomium globosum of the family
Chaetomiaceae (Benhassine et al. 2016 ; El-Zayat 2008 ),Colletotrichum gloespo-
rioidesof Glomerellaceae (Xie and Dai 2015 ; Zhou et al. 2014 ) andPhomosis
liquidambariof Diaporthaceae (Xie and Dai 2015 ; Zhou et al. 2014 ). Similarly,
laccase activity has been demonstrated for members of class Dothideomycetes,
Monotosporasp. of the family Hysteriaceae (Wang et al. 2006 ), few genera such as
Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteumandBotryosphaeriasp. of Botryosphaeriaceae
(Barbosa et al. 1996 ; Srivastava et al. 2013 ; Cruz et al. 2012 ; Sunitha et al. 2013 ;
Fillat et al. 2016 ),Ulocladiumsp. of Pleosporaceae (Atalla et al. 2010 ) and
Hormonemasp. andPringsheimia smilacisof Dothioraceae (Fillat et al. 2016 ;
Zifcákováet al. 2011 ). Laccase activity has been measured in endophytic basid-
iomycetesPeniophorasp. of Peniophoraceae family (Zifcákováet al. 2011 ). To the
best of our knowledge, four laccases from endophytes have been purified and
characterized fromTrichoderma harzianum(Sadhasivama et al. 2008 ),Podospora
anserine(Durand et al. 2013 ),Cladosporium cladosporioides(Halaburgi et al.
2011 ), andParaconiothyrium variabile(Forootanfar et al. 2011 ).
On the other hand, ligninolytic activities have been detected in endophytes
cultures: manganese peroxidase and independent manganese peroxidase in several
species of the familyXylariaceae(Urairuj et al. 2003 ) and aryl-alcohol oxidadase in
F. proliferatum(Anderson et al. 2005 ). The peroxidase activity has been measured
in the endophytic basidiomycete strainBjerkanderasp. (Oses et al. 2006 ).
268 Ú. Fillat et al.