Supercoiled, 229
Suppressor T cells, 127
Survivorship, 492
Suspensory ligaments, 153
Sustainable development, 524 , 538
Sustainable harvesting, 490–491TL
Sutherland, Edward W. Jr., 171
Sweat, 109
Symbiont, 488
Symbiotic evolution, 420
Symbiotic relationship, 488 , 489
Sympathetic nervous system, 139
Sympatric speciation, 404 , 405
Synapses, 150
Synaptic vesicles, 150
Synthesis reactions, 42
Synthetic steroids, 197
System, 36T cells, 126, 127, 185
cytoxic, 127
helper, 127
memory, 127
suppressor, 127
T lymphocytes. SeeT cells
Taiga biome, 435
Takahe, 353
Takamine, Jokichi, 169
Target gene, 303
Taste, 152
Tatum, Edward, 241
Technology and recombinant DNA,
307–309
Telomeres, 238
Telophase, 556
Temporal isolation, 400
Temporal lobe, 145
Termination, 257
translation, 266
Tertiary consumers, 441
Tertiary structure, 559, 560
Testes, 112, 168, 193
Testosterone, 195
baboon behaviour, 195TL
Tetany, 179
Tetraploidy, 405
Thalamus, 143 , 144
Thalidomide, 15
dilemma, 19
Therapeutic cloning, 315
Thermodynamics, 36 , 38–39inv
endothermic reactions, 38–39inv
exothermic reactions, 38–39inv
laws of, 37
Thermoregulation, 110
Third ventricle, 143
3-phosphoglycerate. SeePGA
Thyalkoid membrane, 88
Thylakoids, 84
Thymine, 27, 219
adenine, 221
cytosine, 226Thymosin, 183
Thymus gland, 168, 181, 182
Thyroid gland, 168, 173, 177
homeostasis, 177
metabolism, 177
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
144, 172–173, 174, 177
Thyroxine, 144, 169, 177, 182
Ti (tumour-inducing) plasmid, 306
Touch, 152
Tragedy of the commons, 520 ,
530–531inv
Transcription, 253
5 ′cap, 260
anti-sense strand, 257
elongation, 257 , 258–259
initiation, 257 –258
messenger RNA, 257
micrographs, 279TL
poly-A tail, 260
pre-mRNA, 260
precursor mRNA, 260
processing, 257, 260–262
promotor sequence, 257
reverse, in, 261TL
RNA polymerase, 258
sense strand, 257
small nuclear RNA, 260
snRNA, 260
spliceosome, 260
termination, 257, 259–260
Transcription factors, 277
Transcriptional control, 272, 276 ,
277
Transect, 467
Transfer RNA, 263
Transformation, 398
Transgenic, 119, 303
evolution, 373
organisms, 308
Transition reaction, 65
Transitional fossils, 351
Translation, 253
activating enzymes, 264
anticodon, 264
elongation, 265
initiation, 265
micrographs, 279TL
polyribosome, 268
release factor, 268
ribosomes, 264
termination, 266
Translational control, 276 , 278
Translocation, 266
Transposons, 246 , 288
Triplet hypothesis, 252, 253
Triploidy, 405
tRNA, 263
Trophic levels, 440
higher, energy transfer, 445
Trophic structure, 440 , 442
Tuberculosis, 379TLTubular secretion, 116
Tyrosine, 177
Tyrrell Museum, 352Uniformitarianism, 345
United Nations Human
Development Report, 524
Universality, 255
Uracil, 219
Urban sprawl, 514
Urbanization, 511
Urea, 112, 114
Uremic, 113
Ureters, 112
Urethra, 112
Uric acid, 112, 113
Urinary bladder, 112
Urine, 112
Urogenital tract, 112
Uterus, 196Vagina, 196
Valence electrons, 8
metabolic processes, 14
Valence shell, 8
Valium, 151
van Leeuwenhoek, Anton, 516
Variation and adaptation, 393
Vas deferens, 112
Vasoconstriction, 109 , 176
Vasodilation, 109 , 178, 187
Vasomotor centre, 143
Vena cava, 112
Venter, Craig, 299
Vertebrae, 143
Vertebrates, 136
Vestigial structure, 355
Vision, 152
Vitamin D, 180, 181
Vitreous humour, 154Walker, John, 76
Wallace, Alfred Russell, 340, 347,
348
Wandering genes, 420
Water
molecules, 21
properties of, 11
salt, 115ML
Water cycle, 452
Water supply, 529
contamination, 530–531
Cryptosporidium, 531
E. coli, 531
Giardia, 531
pollution, 530–531
population growth, 529–530
Watson, James, 126, 224–226, 232,
238, 252, 253
Waves of depolarization, 140 , 148,
150
neuron, 147600 MHR • Index