Stem Cell Microenvironments and Beyond

214 documented as a key element in controlling cellular processes. Any variation in the composition of the ECM by altered proces ...

215 2006 ). Furthermore, an elevated incidence of intratumoral Tregs and IL-17+ non- Th17 cells are documented to be associated ...

216 effects of M1 TAMs (Sica et al. 2006 ; Zamarron and Chen 2011 ). Higher level of TAM infiltration is described to associate ...

217 poor prognosis in many cancers (Bhowmick et  al. 2004 ). Other markers includes tenascin-C, periostin, NG-2, PDGF receptor-a ...

218 rocal paracrine interactions between the two cell compartments. In oral SCC, αvβ6- dependent activation of TGFβ1 mediated fi ...

219 fate” in which microenvironmental factors are believed to play critical role in niche formation and intratumoral heterogenei ...

220 generates selection pressure for the development of therapy tolerant aggressive tumor consisting of CSC phenotypes (Lin and ...

221 subpopulation. The laryngeal carcinaoma cells Hep-2 and AMC-HN-8 when grown under hypoxic condition stimulated HIF-1α produc ...

222 11.5.1.3 Tumor Metabolism The “Warburg effect”, as proposed by Otto Warburg in the 1920s, postulates that even in presence o ...

223 11.5.1.4 Interaction Between Stromal Cells and Cancer Stem Cells Endothelial cell-secreted factors are reported to enhance t ...

224 through the PI3k-Akt pathway and promoted the acquisition of a stem-like pheno- type in HNSCC as shown by downregulation of ...

225 fibronectin) to promte EMT in SCC-9 cells. Moreover, it increased the level of Twist and ZEB and promoted expression of CSCs ...

226 11.6 Conclusion and Prospective The molecular crosstalk between cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment play an importa ...

227 Almendro V, Marusyk A, Polyak K (2013) Cellular heterogeneity and molecular evolution in can- cer. Annu Rev Pathol 8:277–302 ...

228 Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420:860–867 Curry JM, Sprandio J, Cognetti D, Luginbuhl A, Bar-ad ...

229 Grandis JR, Falkner DM, Melhem MF, Gooding WE, Drenning SD, Morel PA (2000) Human leukocyte antigen class I allelic and hapl ...

230 Keith B, Simon MC (2007) Hypoxia-inducible factors, stem cells, and cancer. Cell 129:465–472 Kellermann MG, Sobral LM, da Si ...

231 Markwell SM, Weed SA (2015) Tumor and stromal-based contributions to head and neck squa- mous cell carcinoma invasion. Cance ...

232 Quintana E, Shackleton M, Sabel MS, Fullen DR, Johnson TM, Morrison SJ (2008) Efficient tumour formation by single human mel ...

233 Vigneswaran N, Wu J, Song A, Annapragada A, Zacharias W (2011) Hypoxia-induced autoph- agic response is associated with aggr ...