0851996159

Hyperparasitism 130, 140–141, 161

see alsoHyperparasitism

Ichneumonidae 136

Ideal Free Distribution Model 230

Ideal knowledge 231

Idiobionts 49, 52, 129, 133, 138

Immune

‘memory’ 116

response 114–117, 119–121, 123,

125, 226, 227

system 134–138, 142, 155,

157–159

Immunity 286, 287, 291, 305, 306

Infection

active 341

passive 341

Insect larvae

fitness 72

survival 68, 72

Insect(s) 3, 15, 16, 26, 39

herbivore 44

density 45

diet 44

diversity 46

feeding 44

parasitic nematodeseeNematode,

entomopathogenic

parasitoidsseeParasitoids

scale 49

Insurance males 206, 210–211, 215

Intermediate forager(s) 20, 23, 24, 30

Internal defense system (IDS) 157–160

Intestines 229

Intracellular

habitat 226

parasites 231

Intraguild predation 160, 161

Intramolluscan 153, 154

Ion permeability 93

Ionic regulation 94

Iteroparous females 68

Jumping behaviour 18–19, 20, 26, 31

Juvenile hormone 138–139

Kairomone 54

Killifish 155, 162

Kinesis 89

Klinokinesis 89, 156

Knipowitschiatrema nicolai 9

Koinobionts 49, 51, 129, 133–134, 138

Kuhnia 176, 186–187

Laboratory choice test 67

Lariophagus distinguendus 51

Laser ablation 90

Lasius321, 328

L. reginae 328

L. umbratis 328

Learning 339

associative 40, 43, 58

Lecithaster gibbosus 172

Leishmania201, 268, 272–273

L. infantum268, 273

L. mexicana 271

Lepeophtheirus salmonis179, 183

Lepidoptera 129, 132, 135, 142

Leptophilina

L. clavipes43, 54

L. heterotoma43, 44, 50, 53

L. houlardi 188

Leptothorax320, 322, 332

Lernalocera branchialis 180

Lethrinus miniatus186–187

Leucocytozoon 213

Life cycle

control

female-only developmental

choice 112–113, 115, 118,

120

male/female sex-determination

112–123, 116, 118

heteroxenous 1

strategies 233

Life history 294

traits 66

Lizard 15, 211, 287, 293

Lobatostoma mantei 177

Local mate competition (LMC)

204–207, 209–211, 215–216

facultative (clones) 205, 209,

211–212

Locomotion 90

Lutzomyia

L. longipalpis268, 271

L. stewarti 294

L. vexator 294

352 Index