Malaria 206, 245, 261–262, 289, 293
Mallophaga 173, 174
Manduca sexta 139
Manica 320
Manipulation
cheating (hitchhiking) 249–250
chemical 253
honest 249
host 80, 243–245, 249, 251–253
host odour 266–269
vector 261–262, 265, 267, 270,
272
Marginal value theorem 53
Mate competition 178
Mate finding 171, 177–180, 186,
188
Mating hypothesis 171, 178, 185–187,
189
Mayflies 243
Mechanosensation 19
Megalodiscus temperatus 176
Megalomyrmex symmetochus 320
Megalophallus carcini 10
Meiogymnophallus
M. fereicola 10
M. fossarum10, 252
Meloidogyne
M. incognita91, 96
M. javanica 98
Mermithidae 17
Metacercaria 153, 156–157, 159, 161,
163, 173, 185, 186
Metaphycus 135
Microhabitat 173–175, 178, 180–181,
185–187, 188–192, 224, 234
generalistsseeParasitoids,
microhabitat
specificity 171, 173–175
Microparasites 234
Microphallus
M. bittii 10
M. papillorobustus247, 249, 251,
253
M. subdolus 155
Microplitis
M. croceipes46, 47, 48, 138
M. domoliter 139
Migrating larvae 226, 227, 230
Migration within host 342
Mimosestesspp. 79
Mitochondrial genes 235Models
behaviour 7
colour 7
dynamic optimization 73
morphology 7
Mollusc(s) 5, 6, 9, 153, 154, 156–164
Moniliformis moniliformis 251
Monogenean 173–175, 178, 180, 185,
187
Morphology 129–132, 142, 144
Multicalyx elegans 173
MultiparasitismseeCompetition,
interspecific
Mutualism
evolutionary 44
plant-parasitoids 44
Mutualistic associations 17
Myrmica 320
M. incompleta 320
Necator americanus227, 234Negative binomial 55
distribution 173, 187
Negative reinforcement 43, 44
Nematode 159, 173, 177, 179,
181–182, 191, 223
Nematode
anaesthesia 95
bacteria feeders 236
behaviour 20, 22
backward waves 90
collimating stimulus 95
fixed action patterns 100
nictation 92
sex attractant 101
water-soluble attractants 98
developmental patterns 225
directed movement 95
ecology 22
eggs 225
embryogenesis 94
entomopathogenic 13–31, 94
evolution 235
fecundity 120, 123
free-living 227
human hookworm 124
infective larvae 225
locomotion 89
lumen dwelling 226
mermithid 207, 243, 245Index 353