Nematodecontinued
migration 89
movement 90
natural attractants 95
orientation behaviour 89
parasitic 15
plant parasite habitats 91
reproductive strategy 94
sensory structures 90
Nereis diversicolour 9
Neuroptera 129, 132
Neutral lipids 179
Niche
restriction 171, 180, 183–185,
187–188, 192, 224
segregation 171–173, 180, 189
Nictationsee alsoStanding behaviour
Niko Tinbergen 244
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis122,
225
Nosema 158Obeliscoides cuniculi 124
Olfactory cuesseeCues, odor
Onchocerca volvulus 234
Opecoeloides columbella 9
Optimal diet 49
Optimal foraging 229, 230, 231, 232
theory 71, 340
see alsoForaging, optimal
Optimal larval behaviour 76
Optimality theory 245, 247–249
Optimization models 57
Orb-weaving spider 243
Orientation 154, 343
long-distance 47
multisensory 48
responses 227, 228
vibrational 47
Orthokinesis 89
Osmotic pressure 93
Ostertagia ostertagia123–124, 227
Oviposition 72, 273
host deprivation 75
learning 75Packing rule 189
Panmixia 204
Papua New Guinea 209Parasite
definition 338
ectoparasites 15, 173, 184, 190
endoparasite 179, 191
evolution 76
infrapopulation 4–5
Parasite-increased trophic
transmission (PITT) 154–155
Parasitic associations 16
Parasitic fungi 244–245
Parasitic waspsseeParasitoids
Parasitism
classic 40
facultative 16–17
insect 40
obligate 16–17
super 50, 53, 55, 56
self 50
Parasitoids 2, 23, 26, 27, 39–60,
129–146, 188, 201, 204, 253
arrhenotokous 204
auto 52
behaviour 40, 44–45, 47, 49–53,
55, 58
flexibility 54
variation 59–60
bethylid 206
clutch size 50–52
competition 50, 59
mate 51
conspecific 55–57
decision making 41, 42, 45, 54, 59
development 44
ecology 42
ectoparasitoids 129, 131, 136,
138, 140, 142
egg load 50
endoparasitoids 129, 131,
138–139, 142
evolution 42
feedingseeHost, feeding
food ecology 58
foraging 41, 44, 46, 47, 55, 57–59
generalistsseeParasitoids,
microhabitat
gregarious 51, 129–131, 133, 138,
141–142
habitat preference 43
heterospecific 57
host acceptance 42, 49–52
host seeking 46354 Index