abundant genetic variation in host-discrimination behaviour, and
selection experiments have helped identify causal mechanisms under-
lying this variation. Focal-animal observations and host-deprivation
experiments have allowed female behaviour to be compared with
expectations from optimal foraging models. Further information is needed
regarding the proximate mechanisms of host discrimination and the
nature of trade-offs between this trait and others. Costs of host
discrimination are of particular interest because the behaviour appears
to decline quickly when larval competition is reduced and selection
is relaxed. Although this chapter has focused on traits that affect intra-
specific competition, seed parasites and their hosts are similarly well
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