253Chen F, Desai TJ, Qian J, Niederreither K, Lu JN, Cardoso WV (2007) Inhibition of Tgf beta sig-
naling by endogenous retinoic acid is essential for primary lung bud induction. Development
134(16):2969–2979. doi:10.1242/dev.006221
Chen F, Cao YX, Qian J, Shao FZ, Niederreither K, Cardoso WV (2010) A retinoic acid-dependent
network in the foregut controls formation of the mouse lung primordium. J Clin Invest
120(6):2040–2048. doi:10.1172/jci40253
Chen HY, Matsumoto K, Brockway BL, Rackley CR, Liang JR, Lee JH, Jiang DH, Noble PW,
Randell SH, Kim CF, Stripp BR (2012) Airway epithelial progenitors are region specific and
show differential responses to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Stem Cells 30(9):1948–1960.
doi:10.1002/stem.1150
Christodoulou C, Longmire TA, Shen SS, Bourdon A, Sommer CA, Gadue P, Spira A, Gouon-
Evans V, Murphy GJ, Mostoslavsky G, Kotton DN (2011) Mouse ES and iPS cells can form
similar definitive endoderm despite differences in imprinted genes. J Clin Invest
121(6):2313–2325
Clevers H (2016) Modeling development and disease with organoids. Cell 165(7):1586–1597.
doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.082
Cortiella J, Niles J, Cantu A, Brettler A, Pham A, Vargas G, Winston S, Wang J, Walls S, Nichols
JE (2010) Influence of acellular natural lung matrix on murine embryonic stem cell differentia-
tion and tissue formation. Tissue Eng Part A 16(8):2565–2580. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0730
Daly AB, Wallis JM, Borg ZD, Bonvillain RW, Deng B, Ballif BA, Jaworski DM, Allen GB, Weiss
DJ (2012) Initial binding and recellularization of decellularized mouse lung scaffolds with
bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 18(1–2):1–16. doi:10.1089/
ten.tea.2011.0301
D’Amour KA, Agulnick AD, Eliazer S, Kelly OG, Kroon E, Baetge EE (2005) Efficient differen-
tiation of human embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm. Nat Biotechnol
23(12):1534–1541
Desai TJ, Malpel S, Flentke GR, Smith SM, Cardoso WV (2004) Retinoic acid selectively regu-
lates Fgf10 expression and maintains cell identity in the prospective lung field of the develop-
ing foregut. Dev Biol 273(2):402–415. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.039
Domyan ET, Ferretti E, Throckmorton K, Mishina Y, Nicolis SK, Sun X (2011) Signaling through
BMP receptors promotes respiratory identity in the foregut via repression of Sox2. Development
138(5):971–981. doi:10.1242/dev.053694
Dye BR, Hill DR, Ferguson MAH, Tsai YH, Nagy MS, Dyal R, Wells JM, Mayhew CN, Nattiv R,
Klein OD, White ES, Deutsch GH, Spence JR (2015) In vitro generation of human pluripotent
stem cell derived lung organoids. eLife 4:25. doi:10.7554/eLife.05098
Firth AL, Dargitz CT, Qualls SJ, Menon T, Wright R, Singer O, Gage FH, Khanna A, Verma IM
(2014) Generation of multiciliated cells in functional airway epithelia from human induced
pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(17):E1723–E1730. doi:10.1073/
pnas.1403470111
Gadue P, Huber TL, Nostro MC, Kattman S, Keller GM (2005) Germ layer induction from embry-
onic stem cells. Exp Hematol 33(9):955–964. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.009
Gadue P, Huber TL, Paddison PJ, Keller GM (2006) Wnt and TGF-beta signaling are required for
the induction of an in vitro model of primitive streak formation using embryonic stem cells.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(45):16806–16811. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603916103
Ghaedi M, Calle EA, Mendez JJ, Gard AL, Balestrini J, Booth A, Bove PF, Gui LQ, White ES,
Niklason LE (2013) Human iPS cell-derived alveolar epithelium repopulates lung extracellular
matrix. J Clin Invest 123(11):4950–4962. doi:10.1172/jci68793
Gilpin SE, Guyette JP, Gonzalez G, Ren X, Asara JM, Mathisen DJ, Vacanti JP, Ott HC (2014a)
Perfusion decellularization of human and porcine lungs: bringing the matrix to clinical scale.
J Heart Lung Transplant 33(3):298–308. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.030
Gilpin SE, Ren X, Okamoto T, Guyette JP, Mou HM, Rajagopal J, Mathisen DJ, Vacanti JP, Ott HC
(2014b) Enhanced lung epithelial specification of human induced pluripotent stem cells on
13 Development and Bioengineering of Lung Regeneration