immune system
adaptive 10, 11, 65–67, 70, 100
innate 10, 65, 66, 70, 78
immunodiagnosis 111
immunogenic tegument 36
immunoglobulin
surface (sIg) 79
see alsoantibodies
immunoglobulin super gene family 68
immunomodulation 81
immunopathology 100, 105
immunosuppression 7, 10, 98
infection methods 3
contaminative 3, 52
inoculative 3, 52
oral 3
penetrative 3
primary 10
vector 3, 4
infectious stage 3
inflammation 11, 44, 78, 95, 96, 104
inflammatory mediators 78
inflammatory response 70, 93
inhibition, of infection 6, 7
innate immune system 10, 65, 66, 70, 78
inoculum 118
intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 68
intercellular habitat 93
interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) 70, 80, 123–124,
125
interleukin-1 (IL-1) 77, 96, 123
interleukin-2 (IL-2) 79, 80
interleukin-4 (IL-4) 70, 80
interleukin-5 (IL-5) 70, 80, 105
interleukin-6 (IL-6) 70, 123
interleukin-10 (IL-10) 70, 80
interleukin-12 (IL-12) 70, 80
interleukin-13 (IL-13) 80
intermediate host 1, 3, 4, 14, 32, 88
internal accumulation 12–16
interstitial spaces 53
intracellular parasites 2, 22, 93, 121
in-uteroinfections 48
invasive methods seeinfection methods
invertebrates 2
irradiated sporozoites 125
Isospora13, 19
ivermectin 90
Ixodid ticks 15
jaundice 104
Katayama fever 101
keratinocytes 72
kidney glomerular membrane 101
kinetics of nutrient uptake 88
kinetoplast flagellates 52
Kinetoplastida 19
kinetoplasts 19, 52
kinins 95
knob proteins 121
Lacerta 60
lactation 47, 48
lamina propria 44, 46, 58, 103
INDEX
laminated layer 59, 105, 106
laminin 69
lateroventral lip 39
Laurer’s canal 26
Leishmania19, 21, 52, 53–54, 93
life-cycle 53–54
macrophage invasion 10, 24, 53, 70, 80,
93
vaccine development 116, 119
Leishmania brasiliensis53, 54, 119
Leishmania donovani20, 53
Leishmania major80, 119
Leishmania mexicana53, 54, 116, 119
Leishmania peruvana 53
Leishmania tropica 53
leishmaniasis 112
cutaneous 53, 54, 119
mucocutaneous 53
visceral 53, 54
leprotriches 31
leukocytes 47, 68, 72, 75, 94
leukotrienes (LT) 95
levamisole 90
life-cycles 43–64
direct and indirect 4, 43
ligand 68, 94
Ligula intestinalis 16
Lineweaver–Burke plots 84
lipophosphoglycan (LPG) 80
liver 23, 97
Loa loa56, 112
Lobosea 19
locomotion 8
longitudinal fission 60
longitudinal muscles 38
lumen 8, 94
Lutzomyia 53
Lymnaea 63
Lymnaea truncatula 103
Lymnaeid mollusc 102
lymph fluid 72
lymph nodes 67, 71–73, 76, 78, 103, 122
lymphatic organs 67, 72
lymphatic system 55
lymphatic vessels 72
lymphoblasts 72, 73
lymphocytes 70
development 72, 76, 80
Echinococcusinfections 105, 118
fascioliasis 103
inflammation 96
response to BCG 118
response to parasitic infection 97
see alsoB cells; T cells
lymphoid cells 72, 76, 118
lymphoid follicles 75
lysosomes 18, 70
lysozyme 75
macro-environment 1, 2
macrogamete 13, 24, 50, 52, 54
macrogametocyte 55
macrophage 66, 67, 78
cerebral malaria 124
functions 78, 81inflammation 95, 96
Leishmaniainvasion 10, 24, 53, 70, 80,
93
onset of immune response 70, 71, 78
in red pulp 74
macroscopic parasites 2
major basic proteins 75, 96
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) see
MHC molecules
malabsorption syndromes 93
malaria 10, 23, 88, 90, 112, 121–128
cerebral 10, 124
effector mechanisms against 122–124
obstacles to vaccine development
121–122
synthetic vaccines 127
vaccine development progress 125–127
see also Plasmodium
malate 86
malnutrition 9
Mansonella ozzardi 56
mast cells 68, 76, 78, 95, 97
protease II 79
mastigonemes 19
mastocytosis 78
Mastogophora 19
matrix 8
measles 10
mebendazole 90
mechanical damage 7, 8
mediated transport 83, 84
medulla 73, 75
megakaryocytes 73
Mehlis, gland of 32, 34, 36
Melaniaspp. 16
membrane 11, 20
permeability 79, 88
membrane-bound vesicles 83
Merlangius merlangus 49
merogony 22
merozoite(s) 13, 23, 24, 49–52, 54, 126,
127
mesenchymal cells 30
mesenteric blood vessels 61, 100
mesocaria 37
Mesocestoides corti9, 15, 60, 97
Mesocyclops 57
mesoderm 26
mesodermal matrix 87
metacercaria 9, 37
energy requirement 85
Fasciola hepatica9, 63, 102, 103
Opisthorchis viverrini 98
Paragonimus westermani16, 98
metacestode 12, 28
definition 12, 32
detection 111
Echinococcus58, 104, 105
immune response to 96
life-cycle 14, 32
mast cell response 79
Mesocestoides corti 60
physiology and metabolism 87
transmission 88
metacyclic form (Trypanosoma)52, 53