PARASITOLOGY

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Summary

End of chapter questions

2 Protozoa

2.1 The classification of parasitic protozoa

2.2 Parasitic protozoa of economic importance

2.3 Flagellated protozoa

2.4 Spore-forming protozoans

2.5 Biology of parasitic protozoa

Summary

3Platyhelminths

3.1 Main characteristics

3.2 Turbellarians

3.3 Cestodes

3.4 Trematodes (Commonly known as flukes)

3.5 Nematodes (Commonly known as round worms)

3.6 Nepatomorpha (Commonly known as larviform worms)

3.7 Acanthocephala (Commonly known as spiny-headed worms)

3.8 Tapeworms (Eucestoda)
- 3.8.1 Prominent features
- 3.8.2 Cestodaria (A relatively primitive sub-class)
- 3.8.3 Eucestoda (The main sub-class of tapeworms)
- 3.8.4 Cestode life-cycles

3.9 Cyclophyllidea or Taenioidea (tapeworms)

3.10 Trematodes
- 3.10.1 The body structure of trematodes
- 3.10.2 The habitat of adult trematodes

3.11 Nematodes
- 3.11.1 Morphology
- 3.11.2 Internal anatomy
- 3.11.3 Reproductive system
- 3.11.4 Life-cycle

Summary

4 Parasite Examples Grouped According to Life-cycle

4.1 Direct life-cycles
- 4.1.1 Enterobius vermicularis
- 4.1.2 Ascarisspp
- 4.1.3 Ancylostomaspp (hookworms)
- 4.1.4 Trichinella spiralis
- 4.1.5 Strongyloidesspp
- 4.1.6 Toxocara canis

4.2 The Monogenea: parasitic trematodes with only one host
- 4.2.1 Polystoma integerrium

4.3 Parasitic protozoa with only one host
- 4.3.1 Eimeria spp
- 4.3.2 Entamoeba histolytica
- 4.3.3 Giardia lamblia

4.4 Indirect life-cycles
- 4.4.1 Protozoa with more than one host

4.5 Parasitic helminths transmitted by vectors
- 4.5.1 Wuchereria bancrofti
- 4.5.2 Onchocerca volvulus
- 4.5.3 Loa loa
- 4.5.4 Dracunculus medinensis

4.6 Parasites with two hosts and free-living distributive phases
- 4.6.1 Taenia spp
- 4.6.2 Diphyllobothrium latum
- intermediate host 4.7 Cestodes with an asexual multiplicative phase in the
- 4.7.1 Echinococcus granulosus
- 4.7.2 Taenia crassiceps
- 4.7.3 Mesocestoides corti
- two free-living stages 4.8 Helminth parasites with an intermediate host and
- 4.8.1 Schistosoma spp
- 4.8.2 Fasciola hepatica

Summary

5 Introduction to Host Response

5.1 Innate immunity

5.2 Entry of a pathogen

5.3 The host’s response to the pathogen

5.4 The onset of the specific immune response

5.5 An outline of the adaptive immune system
- 5.5.1 The lymphoid organs

5.6 The main cell types involved with the immune response
- 5.6.1 The granulocytes
- 5.6.2 The agranulocytes
- 5.6.3 Macrophages and phagocytosis
- 5.6.4 Mast cells

5.7 The second phase of the immune response
- 5.7.1 Lymphocytes and cytokines

5.8 Parasites, cytokines and T helper cells

Summary

6 Nutrition and Biochemistry of Parasites

6.1 The parasitic advantage

6.2 Uptake of nutrients
- 6.2.1 Uptake of amino-acids
- 6.2.2 Energy storage

6.3 Basic physiology and metabolic pathways

6.4 Transmission of parasites between hosts
- 6.4.1 Establishment
- 6.4.2 Factors affecting development

6.5 Antiparasitic chemotherapy

Summary

7 Pathological Effect of the Parasite upon the Host

7.1 Invading the host’s body

7.2 Inflammation caused by parasites

7.3 Reaction to parasitic helminths

7.4 Organ and systemic pathology

7.5 Human trematode pathogens
- 7.5.1 Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)
- 7.5.2 Opisthorchis viverrini andClonorchis sinensis
- 7.5.3 Cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the gall bladder)
- 7.5.4 Schistosoma spp
  - S. intercalatum 7.5.5 Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and
    - 7.5.6 Schistosoma haematobium
    - 7.5.7 Fasciola hepatica and fascioliasis
  - 7.6 The biology of Echinococcus
    - 7.6.1 Infection in humans
    - 7.6.2 Antibodies
    - 7.6.3 The biology ofE. granulosus
  - Summary
  - End of chapter questions
- 8 Epidemiology
  - 8.1 Collection of data
    - 8.1.1 Rural communities
    - 8.1.2 Rural–urban movement
  - 8.2 Problems and difficulties
  - Summary
- 9 Vaccines
  - 9.1 The ideal vaccine
    - 9.1.2 The target antigen
  - 9.2 The development of a potential vaccine
    - 9.2.1 Adjuvants
      - responses 9.2.2 Factors that influence the development of immune
  - 9.3 Cutaneous leishmaniasis
  - Summary

10 Aspects of Malaria
- 10.1 Obstacles to the development of a vaccine
- 10.2 Effector mechanisms against the sporozoite invasion
- 10.3 Host effector mechanisms operative at the hepatic stage
  - intraerythrocytic parasites 10.4 Effector mechanisms against asexual and
- 10.5 Cerebral malaria
- 10.6 Attempts to develop anti-malaria vaccines
  - 10.6.1 Vaccination with irradiated sporozoites
  - 10.6.2 Cell-mediated immunity
  - 10.6.3 Blood stage vaccines
  - 10.6.4 Merozoite stage vaccines
- 10.7 A synthetic vaccine
- Summary

Supplementary reading

General

Host response

Physiology and nutrition

Malaria and vaccines

Specific references

Index

PARASITOLOGY

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