National Geographic - UK (2022-05)

Ribes plant

(Gooseberry)

essed

Dbreacefenhsesed

wLater vapoess^ total r

6.5%from

subcanopy

RAIN RAIN

ATMWOSATERPHERIC

Wcooater vals forestpor.

ER FACTORS Climate

change

Drought

Rising
temperature
Rising Ewxeathertreme^
temperature
Reisinmperaturg e

Rising

temperature

White-pine

blidsteiseasr ruste

Blisters discharge

more spores.

1

2

3

4

xtreme fire

Drought

Water

Dying

tree

4.5%from

understory

Lwateessr is

recycled.

CO 2 CO 2

O 2 O 2

Red

mangrove

Spores

Needle stomata

tom ust be inbe open fected.

Drought

Nutrient-richsoil deposited Soil erosion and high salt concentration

Rising sea level

Freshwater inflow, low salinity

Soil level

Less freshwater inflow Saltwater

1

2

3

Wpinhietebark

Brazil nut

tree

1

2

Sporing Host susceptibility

Current conditions

Increased warming

41%

feeds coastal River runoff

mangrove forests.

Greater

atmpull of water ospheric

(^2) from 2 %
evaporation
59%
Total water recycled
atmback into osphere
HEAT
from canopy26%
begin
bnches y
thinnest.
e produces
enses and
in to flush
sestress defenses.
Blister rust has a second
hrelease spores that inost, Ribes plants, whficect h
pines; pines then reinfect
theRibes plants.
Some pines in drier,
haivoid ingher elevations canfection, but their
ecosystems are changing.
Cooling water
vapor is lost
when stomata
cstloseress. under
When this water
recycling systemdiminished, less water is
reaches coastal man-
groves via rivers.
Under normal conditions,
salt-tolerant mrely on oxygen and angroves
freshwater intake from
their roots to thrive.
Heat and drought
increase atmdemand for water, osphericfur-
ther pressuring a system
strained by higher seas.
Winundated mhen sea levels rise, angroves
suffer from lack of oxy-
gen and extreme salin-
istty. This can lead toress conditions similar
to drought on land.
beetles
and feed
phloem
oooduld be.
ratures
pe the life pests,
ore waves
A changing climate can
also alter the timof host susceptibility, ing
creating more opportuni-
ties for infection.
Trinfeesectious diseases such as blister can contract and host
rust, which ravages many pine
species. A warming climate
can alter pathoand extend sporingen lig timfe cycleses.
The Ammost ofazon’s tree cano the rainforest’s wpyate releases r
vapor, key to Earth’s greatest water
recycling ecosystem. If too many
trees die osystem could collapse.f heat and drought, the
mMananyg orove f the world’s shorforests buffere-
lines but need freshwater
to survive. Rising seas are
cuttinvital resoug themrce. off from that
PAT HOGENS LOSS OF WATER VAPOR SEA-LEVEL RISE
US. FOREST SERVICE RORCES: CRAIG D. ALLEN, UNIVERSITY OF NEWCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION; GRETCHEN BAKER, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE; NATE M MEXICO; BRENDAN CHOAT, WESTERN SYDNEY UNIVERSITY; ANGELO BERNARDINO, FEDERAL UNIVERSITYCDOWELL, PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATI OF ESPÍRITO SANTO; ONAL LABORATORY