Caspases,Paracaspases, and Metacaspases Methods and Protocols

(Wang) #1
139


  1. When injecting two solutions, they can be injected separately.
    However, care must be taken when injecting the same oocyte
    twice not to cause too much damage to the oocyte. One sign
    of this would be excessive leaking from the oocyte. Performing
    the same number of injections in control oocytes will control
    for any effect of the injections alone.

  2. It is also possible to observe apoptotic activity in oocytes visu-
    ally. Upon induction of apoptosis, X. laevis oocytes develop a
    characteristic large, white spot in their dark half (animal pole)
    (Fig. 4 ).


References



  1. Newmeyer DD, Farschon DM, Reed JC
    (1994) Cell-free apoptosis in Xenopus egg
    extracts: inhibition by Bcl-2 and requirement
    for an organelle fraction enriched in mitochon-
    dria. Cell 79(2):353–364

  2. Kluck RM, Bossy-Wetzel E, Green DR,
    Newmeyer DD (1997) The release of cyto-
    chrome c from mitochondria: a primary site
    for Bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis. Science
    275(5303):1132–1136

  3. Kluck RM, Martin SJ, Hoffman BM, Zhou JS,
    Green DR, Newmeyer DD (1997) Cytochrome
    c activation of CPP32-like proteolysis plays a
    critical role in a Xenopus cell-free apoptosis
    system. EMBO J 16(15):4639–4649

  4. Evans EK, Kuwana T, Strum SL, Smith JJ,
    Newmeyer DD, Kornbluth S (1997) Reaper-
    induced apoptosis in a vertebrate system.
    EMBO J 16(24):7372–7381

  5. Evans EK, Lu W, Strum SL, Mayer BJ, Kornbluth
    S (1997) Crk is required for apoptosis in
    Xenopus egg extracts. EMBO J 16(2):230–241

  6. Kuwana T, Smith JJ, Muzio M, Dixit V,
    Newmeyer DD, Kornbluth S (1998) Apoptosis
    induction by caspase-8 is amplifi ed through
    the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c.
    J Biol Chem 273(26):16589–16594

  7. Thress K, Evans EK, Kornbluth S (1999)
    Reaper-induced dissociation of a Scythe-
    sequestered cytochrome c-releasing activity.
    EMBO J 18(20):5486–5493

  8. Kluck RM, Esposti MD, Perkins G, Renken C,
    Kuwana T, Bossy-Wetzel E et al (1999) The
    pro-apoptotic proteins, Bid and Bax, cause a
    limited permeabilization of the mitochondrial
    outer membrane that is enhanced by cytosol.
    J Cell Biol 147(4):809–822

  9. Kluck RM, Ellerby LM, Ellerby HM, Naiem S,
    Yaffe MP, Margoliash E, Bredesen D, Mauk
    AG, Sherman F, Newmeyer DD (2000)
    Determinants of cytochrome c pro-apoptotic


activity. The role of lysine 72 trimethylation.
J Biol Chem 275(21):16127–16133


  1. Tashker JS, Olson M, Kornbluth S (2002)
    Post-cytochrome C protection from apoptosis
    conferred by a MAPK pathway in Xenopus egg
    extracts. Mol Biol Cell 13(2):393–401

  2. Deming PB, Schafer ZT, Tashker JS, Potts
    MB, Deshmukh M, Kornbluth S (2004) Bcr-
    Abl- mediated protection from apoptosis
    downstream of mitochondrial cytochrome c
    release. Mol Cell Biol 24(23):10289–10299

  3. Bergeron L, Perez GI, Macdonald G, Shi L,
    Sun Y, Jurisicova A et al (1998) Defects in
    regulation of apoptosis in caspase-2-defi cient
    mice. Genes Dev 12(9):1304–1314

  4. Nutt LK, Margolis SS, Jensen M, Herman CE,
    Dunphy WG, Rathmell JC et al (2005)
    Metabolic regulation of oocyte cell death
    through the CaMKII-mediated phosphoryla-
    tion of caspase-2. Cell 123(1):89–103

  5. Nutt LK, Buchakjian MR, Gan E, Darbandi R,
    Yoon S-Y, Wu JQ et al (2009) Metabolic con-
    trol of oocyte apoptosis mediated by
    14-3-3ζ-regulated dephosphorylation of
    caspase-2. Dev Cell 16(6):856–866

  6. Andersen JL, Johnson CE, Freel CD, Parrish
    AB, Day JL, Buchakjian MR et al (2009)
    Restraint of apoptosis during mitosis through
    interdomain phosphorylation of caspase-2.
    EMBO J 28(20):3216–3227

  7. Andersen JL, Thompson JW, Lindblom KR,
    Johnson ES, Yang C-S, Lilley LR et al (2011)
    A biotin switch-based proteomics approach
    identifi es 14-3-3ζ as a target of Sirt1 in
    the metabolic regulation of caspase-2. Mol
    Cell 43(5):834–842

  8. McCoy F, Darbandi R, Chen SI, Eckard L,
    Dodd K, Jones K et al (2013) Metabolic regu-
    lation of CaMKII protein and caspases in
    Xenopus laevis egg extracts. J Biol Chem
    288(13):8838–8848


Methods for the Study of Caspase Activation in the Xenopus laevis Oocyte...
Free download pdf