Krohs_00_Pr.indd

(Jacob Rumans) #1

Being For 183


“affordance” employed by Gibson. According to Gibson, an “affordance” is an interaction between an animal
and an environment; it is a resource that the environment offers to an animal, but the animal has to be able to
perceive and use it. Moreover, affordance also exists if not perceived. For-ness is instead, in my view, a relation
that is always dependent on the cognitive apparatus of an animal (the human being), therefore it is not present
on its own by itself, and it is a relation that is projected between things in the world, separate from their
usability.


References


Baker, L. (1987). Saving Belief: A Critique of Physicalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Baker, L. (2004). The ontology of artifacts. Philosophical Explorations, 7 : 1–14.
Bloom, P. (1998). Theories of artifact categorization. Cognition, 66 : 87–93.
Cheng, P. (1999). Causal reasoning. In: The MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences (Wilson, R. A., and Keil,
F. C., eds.), 106–108. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Defeyter, M., and German, T. (2003). Acquiring an understanding of design: evidence from children’s insight
problem-solving. Cognition, 89 : 133–155.
Dennett, D. C. (1983). The Intentional Stance. Cambridge/London: The MIT Press.
Dennett, D. C. (1996). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Touchstone.
Dennett, D. C. (1999). The intentional stance. In: The MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences (Wilson, R. A.,
and Keil, F. C., eds.), 412–413. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Diesendruck, G., Markson, L. M., and Bloom, P. (2003). Children’s reliance on creator’s intent in extending
names for artifacts. Psychological Science, 14 : 164–168.
German, T., and Barrett, C. (2005). Functional fi xedness in a technologically sparse culture. Psychological
Science, 16 : 1–5.
German, T., and Defeyter, M. (2000). Immunity to functional fi xedness in young children. Psychonomic Bulletin
and Review, 7 : 707–712.
German, T., and Johnson, S. (2002). Function and the origins of the design stance. Journal of Cognition and
Development, 3 : 279–300.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Vision Perception. Boston: Houghton Miffl in.
Hoffman, J., and Rosenkrantz, G. (1997). Substance: Its Nature and Existence. London: Routledge.
Hume, D. (1987 [1739]). A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kelemen, D. (1999a). Beliefs about purpose: On the origins of teleological thought. In: The Descent of Mind:
Psychological Perspectives on Hominid Evolution (Corballis, M., and Lea, S., eds.), 278–294. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Kelemen, D. (1999b). Why are rocks pointy? Children’s preference for teleological explanations of the natural
world. Developmental Psychology, 35 : 1440–1453.
Kelemen, D. (1999c). The scope of teleological thinking in preschool children. Cognition, 70 : 241–272.
Kelemen, D. (1999d). Functions, goals and intentions: Children’s teleological reasoning about objects. Trends
in Cognitive Sciences, 12 : 461–468.
Kelemen, D. (2003). British and American children’s preferences for teleo-functional explanations of the natural
world. Cognition, 88 : 201–221.
Kelemen, D. (2004). Are children “intuitive theists”? Reasoning about purpose and design in nature. Psychologi-
cal Science, 15 : 295–301.
Kelemen, D., and Carey, S. (2007). The essence of artifacts: Developing the design stance. In: Creations of the
Mind: Theories of Artifacts and Their Representation (Margolis, E., and Laurence, S., eds.), 212–230. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Meijers, A., and Kroes, P. (2005). Introduction. In: Philosophy of Technical Artefacts. Joint Delft-Eindhoven
Research Programme. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Free download pdf