Notes to Pages 61–65 / 133- See Birkland, “In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez.”
- The number of birds is an underestimate, based only on recovered
carcasses. It does not include birds whose bodies did not reach the shore.
Carter, “Oil and California’s Seabirds,” 2. See also Clarke and Hemphill, “Santa
Barbara Oil Spill”; McCrary, Panzer, and Pierson, “Oil and Gas Operations Off-
shore California.” - Santa Barbara Wildlife Care Network, Santa Barbara’s 1969 Oil Spill,
http://www.sbwcn.org/spill.shtml. - National Research Council, Oil in the Sea.
- The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, Ltd., main-
tains a database of spills at http://www.itopf.com/information-services/
data-and-statistics/. - For a few examples of the large literature on the impact of the Exxon
Valdez spill on birds, see Fry, “How Do You Fix the Loss of Half a Million
Birds?”; Piatt and Ford, “How Many Seabirds Were Killed?”; Piatt and Lensink,
“Exxon Valdez Bird Toll”; Piatt et al., “Immediate Impact of the ‘Exxon Valdez’
Oil Spill.” For the Erika spill, see Ridoux et al., “Impact of the ‘Erika’ Oil Spill.”
For rescue efforts following the sinking of the MV Treasure, see IBRRC, 20,000
Patient Penguins. On the Prestige spill, see Vince, “Prestige Oil Spill”; Kirby,
“Spanish Spill Not Over Yet”; IBRRC, New Year. The Prestige spilled more oil
than the Exxon Valdez did, and the oil had a higher toxicity level; the oil and
water were also at a higher temperature, making it spread more quickly. - García-Borboroglu et al., “Chronic Oil Pollution Harms Magellanic
Penguins,” 193. - For a thorough examination of sources of marine oil pollution, see
National Research Council, Oil in the Sea. - Boersma,“Penguins Oiled in Argentina”; Gandini et al., “Magellanic
Penguins Affected by Chronic Petroleum Pollution”; Heredia et al., “Evolution
of Penguin Rehabilitation”; Jehl, “Mortality of Magellanic Penguins”; Ruoppolo
et al., Chronic Oiling; Ruoppolo et al., “Update on the IFAW Penguin Network.” - For a report on the impact of the unidentifi ed spill, see “Davis Experts
Say Oil Spill Is World’s Worst for Birds since 2002,” Science News, January 24,
2005, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/01/050121105359.htm. - National Research Council, Oil in the Sea, 67–70.
- Santa Barbara Wildlife Care Network, Cleaning Oiled Birds, http://
http://www.sbwcn.org/oiled.shtml. - Weaver, “Senate Hearing Held”; “Environment: Tragedy in Oil,”
Time.com, February 14, 1969, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/
0,9171,900613-3,00.html. - Public Law 91-190, 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347, January 1, 1970.
- For a concise history of the Environmental Protection Agency, see
Jack Lewis, “The Birth of EPA,” EPA Journal, November 1985, http://www.epa.