134 / Notes to Pages 65–70
gov/history/topics/epa/15c.htm. Historical documents relating to Earth Day are
available at http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/earthday/index.htm.
- Franklin, Animals and Modern Cultures, 59.
- Abraham Gesner, a Canadian medical doctor with a keen interest in
geology, fi rst distilled kerosene from crude oil in 1846. He reportedly said that
he hoped the new oil would end the killing of whales. In 1851, James Young, a
Scotsman, produced kerosene by distilling it from coal and oil shale. - In January 1999 the global oil tanker fl eet numbered 7,030. Commis-
sion on the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to
the European Parliament. - By 1955, two-thirds of the world’s oil moved through the Suez Canal,
accounting for half of its traffi c. Yergin, Prize, 464. - Daniel Ludwig, known as the father of jumboization, purportedly said
that the only limit on tanker size is the size of the ocean. Potter, Disaster by Oil,
6 (see chap. 6 for a discussion of jumboization). - Known as “aframax,” for “average freight rate assessment,” the sizing
system was developed by Shell Oil in 1954 to standardize shipping rates. See
Von Sydow, “Sizing Up the Bulk Sector.” - Crude oil is traded in lots of fi ve hundred thousand barrels. For per-
spective, the United States consumes approximately twenty million barrels a
day. (These are not literal barrels; barrel refers to a unit of volume.) - Cowan, Oil and Water, 11. For a detailed history of the Tor re y Ca n yon
incident, see Potter, Disaster by Oil, chap. 1. - Cowan, Oil and Water, 223.
- Potter, Disaster by Oil, 28.
- Ott, Sound Truths, 10.
- For a discussion of how the Tor re y Ca n yon incident raised concerns
about existing measures to prevent oil pollution, see International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modifi ed by the Protocol of
1978 relating thereto (MARPOL), http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.
asp?topic_id=258&doc_id=678#4. - Cowan, Oil and Water, 157.
- Figures are from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals, quoted in Cowan, Oil and Water, 160. See also National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Oil Spill Case Histories, 195. - For a discussion of the effects of oil on birds, see International Bird
Rescue Research Center, How Oil Affects Birds, http://www.ibrrc.org/oil_affects.
html. - Erasmus, Randall, and Randall, “Oil Pollution, Insulation, and Body
Temperatures in the Jackass Penguin”; Miller and Welte, “Caring for Oiled
Birds.”