Notes to Pages 71–78 / 135- For a history of the spill and response, see Santa Barbara Wildlife Care
Network, Santa Barbara’s 1969 Oil Spill, http://www.sbwcn.org/spill.shtml. - International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Asso-
ciation, Guide to Oiled Wildlife Response Planning, 7. - Heubeck et al., “Assessing the Impact of Major Oil Spills,” 900.
- See Berkner, “Wildlife Rehabilitation Techniques”; Newman et al.,
“Historical Account of Oiled Wildlife Care.” - Standard Oil later became Chevron.
- Carter, “Oil and California’s Seabirds.” For details on the numbers of
birds treated and released after oil spills in California between 1971 and 1979,
see International Bird Rescue Research Center, Spill History: 1971–79, http://
http://www.ibrrc.org/spill_history_1971-79.html. - All quotations from Alice Berkner, unless otherwise attributed, are
from Berkner, Genesis of IBRRC. - IBRRC, “Founder Alice Berkner Refl ects.”
- Reid, Battaglia, and Doucette, “Review of Factors,” 146.
- The American Petroleum Institute provided grant money for compar-
ative research on solvents and detergents. See Bryndza et al., “Methodology for
Determining Surfactant Effi cacy.” - IBRRC, “35 Years of Advancing Aquatic Bird Rehabilitation,” 6.
- Exxon’s fi gure is 10.8 million gallons, putting the Exxon Valdez spill
at number thirty among the top sixty-fi ve spills worldwide. Other calculations
put the volume between 27 and 38 million gallons, bringing it to number fi f-
teen. The state of Alaska surveyors report a conservative estimate of 30 mil-
lion gallons. The debate is chronicled in Ott, Sound Truths, 4–7. - The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council explains how the Exxon
Valdez ran aground and provides answers to other questions related to the spill
in Oil Spill Facts: Questions and Answers, http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/facts/
qanda.cfm. - For more on injury to mammals and birds, see Dahlheim and Mat-
kin, “Assessment of Injuries to Prince William Sound Orcas”; Irons et al., “Nine
Years after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill,” 724; Mearns, “Exxon Valdez Shoreline
Treatment and Operations.” For a summary of injury to animals, see “After the
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill,” Alaska’s Marine Resources, October 1992, http://seagrant.
uaf.edu/bookstore/pubs/QTR-VII-3.pdf. - Bodkin and Weltz, “Evaluation of Sea Otter Capture,” 65.
- Batten, “Press Interest in Sea Otters,” 32.
- Bukro, “U.S. Bureaucracy Halts Rescuers.”
- Batten, “Press Interest in Sea Otters,” 33, 37.
- Sharp, “Post Release Survival.” See also Mead, “Cleaned but Not
Saved?”