136 / Notes to Pages 79–85
- Anderson, Gress, and Fry, “Survival and Dispersal of Oiled Brown Pel-
icans,” 717. - Mead, “Poor Prospects for Oiled Birds.”
- Estes, “Catastrophes and Conservation.”
- IBRRC, Frequently Asked Questions, http://www.ibrrc.org/faq.html.
- U.S. Energy Information Administration data on all energy sources
are available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html. - Peregrine Systems, The Birdadvert System, http://www.birdavert.com/.
For further descriptions of deterrence systems, see Ronconi et al., “Waterbird
Deterrence at Oil Spills”; Sharp, “Chasing Birds from Oil Spills”; Whisson and
Ta kekawa, Testing the Effectiveness. - The International Maritime Organization is an agency of the United
Nations. The treaties are the 1973 International Convention for the Preven-
tion of Pollution from Ships, referred to as the MARPOL Protocol (MARPOL
stands for “marine pollution”) and the Protocol of 1978 relating to the Interna-
tional Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. The two treaties
are known as MARPOL 73/78. Over 95 percent of the global shipping tonnage
is transported under the fl ags of MARPOL signatories. MARPOL also covers
garbage, sewage, and other hazardous substances. - Commission on the European Communities, Communication from the
Commission to the European Parliament, 18. - Tippee, “Prestige Spill Raises Questions of Accountability,” 68.
- The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33 U.S.C. 2701-2761) gives the U.S.
Coast Guard the authority to respond to marine oil spills and empowers the
federal government to direct all spill responses. The act, which created the
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, requires coastal areas to develop contingency
plans for oil spills and tanker owners to create oil spill response plans. Also it
increased penalties for noncompliance and authorizes each state to establish
its own laws regarding liability. - Ramseur, Oil Spills in U.S. Coastal Waters, 12.
- Fulton, “Big Oil Plays a Dirty Game.”
- See the testimony of Tom Godfrey, chair of the Shipbuilders Council
of America, before the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Com-
mittee, January 9, 2003, at http://commerce.senate.gov/pdf/godfrey010903.
pdf.
Chapter 4
- Lim, “Research Monkeys Fall Victim.”
- See Perrow, Next Catastrophe, 1 n.1.
- For the Ohio State University incident, see Associated Press, Nearly
700 Lab Animals Die after Power Outage, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/