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TABLE 4.1 Biological Ontology Resources
Organization Descriptions
Human Genome Organization (HUGO) Gene HGNC is responsible for the approval of a unique symbol
Nomenclature Committee (HGNC): for each gene and designate description of genes. Aliases
http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/ for genes are also listed in the database.
Gene Ontology Consortium (GO): The purpose of GO is to develop ontologies describing the
http://www.geneontology.org molecular function, biological process, and cellular
component of genes and gene products for eukaryotes.
Members include genome databases of fly, yeast, mouse,
worm, and Arabidopsis.
Plant Ontology Consortium: This consortium will produce structured, controlled
http://www.plantontology.org vocabularies applied to plant-based database information.
Microarrey Gene Expression Data (MGED) The MGED group facilitates the adoption of standards for
Society Ontology Working Group: DNA-microarray experiment annotation and data
http://www.mged.org/ representation, as well as the introduction of standard
expertmental controls and data normalization methods.
NIBII (National Biological Information NBII provides links to taxonomy sites for all biological
Infrastructure): disciplines.
http://www.nbii.gov/disciplines/systematics.html
ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System): ITIS provides taxonomic information on plants, animals,
http://www.itis.usda.gov/ and microbes of North America and the world.
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings): MeSH is a controlled vocabulary established by the
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/ National Library of Medicine (NLM) and used for indexing
meshhome.html articles, cataloging books and other holdings, and searching
MeSH-indexed databases, including MEDLINE.
SNOMED (Systematized Nomenclature of SNOMED is recognized globally as a comprehensive,
Medicine): multiaxial, controlled terminology created for the indexing
http://www.snomed.org/ of the entire medical record.
International Classification of Diseases, ICD-9-CM is the official system of assigning codes to
Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnoses and procedures associated with hospital
(ICD-9-CM): utilization in the United States. It is published by the U.S.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/ National Center for Health Statistics.
otheract/lcd9/abtlcd9.htm
International Union of Pure and Applied IUPAC and IUBMB make recommendations on organic,
Chemistry (IUPAQ) biochemical, and molecular biology nomenclature,
symbols, and terminology.
International Union of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology (IUBMB) Nomenclature
Committee:
http://www.chem.q-mul.ac.uk/iubmb/
PharmGKB ( Pharmacogenetics Knowledge Base: PharmGKB, develops ontologies for pharmacogenetics and
http://pharmgkb.org/ pharmacogenomics.
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