The Environmental Debate, Third Edition

140 The Environmental Debate

Suddenly we have discovered what we should

have known long before: that the ecosphere sus-

tains people and everything that they do; that

anything that fails to fit into the ecosphere is a

threat to its finely balanced cycles; that wastes

are not only unpleasant, not only toxic, but,

more meaningfully, evidence that the ecosphere

is being driven towards collapse.

Source: Barry Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature,

Man, and Technology (New York: Knopf, 1971), pp. 10-12.

Here is the first great fault in the life of man
in the ecosphere. We have broken out of the circle
of life, converting its endless cycles into man-made,
linear events: oil is taken from the ground, distilled
into fuel, burned in an engine, converted thereby
into noxious fumes, which are emitted into the air.
At the end of the line is smog. Other man-made
breaks in the ecosphere’s cycles spew out toxic
chemicals, sewage, heaps of rubbish—testimony
to our power to tear the ecological fabric that has,
for millions of years, sustained the planet’s life.

DOCUMENT 116: Clean Water Act (1972)

The Clean Water Act of 1972, amending the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, gave teeth to earlier

legislation aimed at preventing or reducing water pollution and laid the groundwork for future efforts to preserve

the nation’s wetlands. However, in 2001, a Supreme Court decision [see Document152] limited the reach of

section 404 and put a roadblock in the way of effective wetlands preservation.

Sec. 101.(a) The objective of this Act is to
restore and maintain the chemical, physical,
and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.
In order to achieve this objective it is hereby
declared that, consistent with the provisions of
this Act—

(1) it is the national goal that the discharge

of pollutants into navigable waters be

eliminated by 1985;

(2) it is the national goal that wherever

attainable, an interim goal of water qual-

ity which provides for the protection and

propagation of fish, shellfish, and wild-

life and provides recreation in and on the

water be achieved by July 1, 1983;

(3) it is national policy that the discharge of

toxic pollutants in toxic amounts be pro-

hibited;

(4) it is the national policy that Federal finan-

cial assistance be provided to construct

publicly owned waste treatment works;

(5) it is the national policy that areawide

waste treatment management planning

processes be developed and implemented

to assure adequate control of sources of

pollution in each State; and

(6) it is the national policy that a major

research and demonstration effort be

made to develop technology necessary to

eliminate the discharge of pollutants into

the navigable waters, waters of the con-

tiguous zone, and the oceans.

Sec. 404. (a) The Secretary of the Amy, act-

ing through the Chief of Engineers, may issue

permits, after notice and opportunity for pub-

lic hearings for the discharge of dredged or fill

material into the navigable waters at specified

disposal sites.

(b) Subject to subsection (c) of this sec-

tion, each such disposal site shall be specified

for each such permit by the Secretary of the

Army (1) through the application of guidelines

developed by the Administrator, in conjunc-

tion with the Secretary of the Army... and (2)

in any case where such guidelines under clause

(1) alone would prohibit the specification of a

site, through the application additionally of the

economic impact of the site on navigation and

anchorage.