Cell Language Theory, The: Connecting Mind And Matter

116 The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter

b2861 The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter “6x9”

any osmotic barrier, the essential requirement of chemiosmosis, i.e., the

conversion of chemical energy to osmotic energy. In other words, the che-

miosmotic hypothesis has little to say concerning the fundamental molecu-

lar mechanisms underlying enzymic catalysis and muscle contraction that

do not require any membranes.

Physicists distinguish between kinematics and dynamics. The former

describes the motion of objects in space and time without investigating the

cause of motions, i.e., the source of the forces involved (https://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics). In contrast, the latter (also called ana-

lytical dynamics) investigates the motion of bodies and its causes, i.e.,

forces (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_dynamics) and force-

generating mechanisms. The chemiosmotic model of P. Mitchell [138–

141] is concerned primarily with the kinematics of oxidative phosphorylation,

i.e., the movement of protons within and across biomembranes in relation

to the phosphorylation process of ADP to form ATP (see Figures 3.32(a)

and (b)) without specifying the mechanism underlying the generation of

the forces behind the proton movement. However, the conformon model

is built upon the basic molecular mechanisms underlying the conversion

of the chemical energy of oxidizable substrate to the mechanical energy

of the ATP synthase that drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

(see the a to c transition in Figure 3.30(a)) and Section 3.4.7.

Table 3.14 A brief comparison between the chemiosmotic and the EMC (or conformon)

models of oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidation/respiration: NADH + ½ O 2 + H+ → NAD+ + H 2 O (3.32)

Phosphorylation: ADP + Pi → ATP + H 2 O (3.33)

The chemiosmotic model [138, 139]:

Respiration → ∆pH + ∆y → ATP (3.34)

The conformon model [8, 14, 143, 145]:

|→ ∆pH + ∆y (3.35)

|

Respir. → conform. ----|→ ATP (3.36)

|

|→ NADPH (3.37)

Note: Conformons are defined as the conformational strains of biopolymers that store mechanical

energy at sequence-specific sites to generate forces to drive goal-directed molecular motions in living

cells (see Section 3.4 and [6, 65]).

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