186 The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matterb2861 The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter “6x9”Table4.5A comparison between human and cell languages.Human LanguageCell LanguageAlphabet (L)Letters4 Nucleotides (or 20 amino acids)Lexicon (W)WordsGenes (or polypeptides)Sentences (S)Strings of wordsSets of genes (or polypeptides) expressed (or synthesized)coordinately in space and time dictated by DNA foldsa (cellstates)Grammar (G)Rules of sentence formationThe physical laws and biological rules mapping DNA sequences tofolding patterns of DNA (polypeptides) under biological conditionsbPhonetics (P)Physiological structures and processesunderlying phonation, audition, and interpretations, etc.Molecular mechanisms responsible for information and energytransfer and transduction driven byconformonsc andintracellulardissipative structures(IDSs)dSemantics (M)Meaning of words and sentencesGene-directed cell intracellular processesFirst articulationFormation of sentences from wordsOrganization of gene expression events in space and time throughnon-covalent interactionse between DNA and proteins (or space-and time-dependent non-covalent interactions among proteins or among proteins, DNA and RNA molecules)Second articulationFormation of words from lettersOrganization of nucleotides (or amino acids) into genes (orpolypeptides) throughcovalent interactionsfThird articulationFormation of texts from sentencesOrganization of chemical concentration gradients or waves in spaceand time (also called dissipative structures [58, 59], both intracellularly and intercellularlygb2861_Ch-04.indd 186 17-10-2017 11:58:54 AM