Lakowski, B. and Hekimi, S. (1996) Determination of life span in Caenorhabditis elegans by
four clock genes. Science 272:1010–1013.
Lam, K.P. (1998) Rapid elimination of mature autoreactive B cells demonstrated by Cre-
induced change in B cell antigen receptor specificity in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
95:13171–13175.
Lam, M., Dubyak, G., Chen, L., Nunez, G., Miesfeld, R.L. and Distelhorst, C.W. (1994)
Evidence that BCL-2 represses apoptosis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum-associated
Ca2+ fluxes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:6569–6573.
Lambert, G., Becker, B., Schreiber, R., Boucherot, A., Reth, M. and Kunzelmann, K. (2001)
Control of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expression by BAP31.
J.Biol. Chem. 276:20340–20345.
Lamkanfi, M., Declercq, W., Kalai, M., Saelens, X. and Vandenabeele, P. (2002) Alice in
caspase land. A phylogenetic analysis of caspases from worm to man. Cell Death Differ.
9:358–361.
Landschulz, W.H., Johnson, P.F. and McKnight, S.L. (1988) The leucine zipper: a
hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science 240:1759–
1764.
Lankiewicz, S., Marc Luetjens, C., Truc Bui, N., Krohn, A.J., Poppe, M., Cole, G.M., Saido,
T.C. and Prehn, J.H. (2000) Activation of calpain I converts excitotoxic neuron death
into a caspase-independent cell death. J.Biol.Chem. 275: 17064–17071.
Larisch, S., Yi, Y., Lotan, R., et al. (2000) A novel mitochondrial septin-like protein, ARTS,
mediates apoptosis dependent on its P-loop motif. Nat. Cell Biol. 2: 915–921.
Laster, S.M., Wood, J.G. and Gooding, L.R. (1988) Tumor necrosis factor can induce both
apoptic and necrotic forms of cell lysis. J.Immunol. 141: 2629–2634.
Latterich, M., Fröhlich, K.U. and Schekman, R. (1995) Membrane fusion and the cell cycle:
Cdc48p participates in the fusion of ER membranes. Cell 82:885–893.
Laun, P., Pichova, A., Madeo, F., Fuchs, J., Ellinger, A., Kohlwein, S., Dawes, I., Fröhlich,
K.U. and Breitenbach, M. (2001) Aged mother cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae show
markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Mol. Microbiol. 39: 1166–1173.
Lavoie, J.N., Champagne, C., Gingras, M.C. and Robert, A. (2000) Adenovirus E4 open
reading frame 4-induced apoptosis involves dysregulation of Src family kinases. J.Cell
Biol. 150:1037–1056.
Lavoie, J.N., Nguyen, M., Marcellus, R.C., Branton, P.E. and Shore, G.C. (1998) E4orf4,
a novel adenovirus death factor that induces p53-independent apoptosis by a pathway
that is not inhibited by zVAD-fmk. J.Cell Biol. 140: 637–645.
Lawrence, D., Shahrokh, Z., Marsters, S., et al. (2001) Differential hepatocyte toxicity of
recombinant Apo2L/TRAIL versions. Nat. Med. 7:383–385.
LeBlanc, H., Lawrence, D., Varfolomeev, E., et al. (2002) Tumor-cell resistance to death
receptor-induced apoptosis through mutational inactivation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2
homolog Bax. Nat. Med. 8:274–281.
Lee, C.Y., Wendel, D.P., Reid, P., Lam, G., Thummel, C.S. and Baehrecke, E.H. (2000)
E93 directs steroid-triggered programmed cell death in Drosophila. Mol. Cell 6:433–443.
Lee, L.C., Hunter, J.J., Mujeeb, A., Turck, C. and Parslow, T.G. (1996) Evidence for alpha-
helical conformation of an essential N-terminal region in the human Bcl2 protein. J.Biol.
Chem. 271:23284–23288.
Lee, R., Chen, J., Matthews, C.P., McDougall, J.K. and Neiman, P.E. (2001)
Characterization of NR13-related human cell death regulator, Boo/Diva, in normal and
cancer tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1520:187–194.
266 GENETICS OF APOPTOSIS