Genetics of Apoptosis

4 Caspases are required for Rpr-, Grim-, Hid-, and Skl-

induced apoptosis

189

5 Modifiers of caspase activation: the mitochondrial pathway 190

6 How is the mitochondrial pathway activated? 192

7 Moving upstream: regulation of Rpr, Hid, Grim, and Skl

activity

192

8 What is the role of apoptosis in Drosophila development? 194

9 Conclusions 196

Chapter 11 Cell-culture systems in apoptosis
Stefan Grimm

199

1 Introduction: advantages of cell culture to investigate

apoptosis

199

2 Cell-culture approaches to isolate genes in apoptosis 200

3 Conclusions 210

Chapter 12 Caspase-independent cell death
Marcel Leist and Marja Jäättelä

213

1 Introduction 213

2 Four patterns of death: from apoptosis to necrosis 213

3 Death programs beyond caspases 215

4 Signaling in caspase-independent PCD 217

5 The significance of the program: removal of corpses 227

6 Complex control of tumor cell death 228

7 Alternative cell death in the nervous system 230

8 Evolution of cell-death principles 232

9 Conclusion 234

References 235

Index 305

viii