In: Advances in Medicine and Biology. Vol. 107 ISBN: 978 - 1 - 53610 - 056 - 3
Editor: Leon V. Berhardt © 201 6 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Chapter 8
CONGENITAL UPPER LIMB ANOMALIES:
RISK FACTORS, DIAGNOSIS
AND MANAGEMENT
Billy A. Watson1,, MS and Kerby C. Oberg2,†, MD, PhD
(^1) Division of Human Anatomy,
Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy,
and Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics,
Department of Basic Sciences,
Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
(^2) Divisions of Human Anatomy and Pediatric Pathology,
Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy,
Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
ABSTRACT
Congenital upper limb anomalies (CULA) are a relatively common
finding at birth. Recent advancements in developmental biology and
clinical genetics have provided new insights into the mechanisms of limb
formation and malformation. Depending on the aberration, it may be
isolated or affect disparate groups of cells thereby affecting other organ
systems. The etiologies of CULA are diverse and disorder-specific, but
potential contributors include genetic, mechanical, and a variety of [email protected].
† Corresponding author: [email protected].