Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 189Cremin BJ, Jaffer Z. 1981. Radiological aspects of the fetal alcohol syndrome.
Pediatr Radiol 11:151-153.
Crow JF. 2000. The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous
mutation. Nat Rev Genet 1:40-47.
Dawson K, Seeman P, Sebald E, King L, Edwards M, Williams J, 3rd,
Mundlos S, Krakow D. 2006. GDF5 is a second locus for multiple-
synostosis syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 78:708-712.
de Carvalho PR, Pita MCG, Loureiro JE, Tanaka HR, Ribeiro JCS. 2010.
Manganese Deficiency in Bovines: Connection Between Manganese
Metalloenzyme Dependent in Gestation and Congenital Defects in
Newborn Calves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9 488-503.
Dundar M, Gordon TM, Ozyazgan I, Oguzkaya F, Ozkul Y, Cooke A,
Wilkinson AG, Holloway S, Goodman FR, Tolmie JL. 2001. A novel
acropectoral syndrome maps to chromosome 7q36. J Med Genet 38:304-
309.
Egbe A, Uppu S, Lee S, Stroustrup A, Ho D, Srivastava S. 2015. Congenital
malformations in the newborn population: a population study and analysis
of the effect of sex and prematurity. Pediatr Neonatol 56:25-30.
Ekblom AG, Laurell T, Arner M. 2010. Epidemiology of congenital upper
limb anomalies in 562 children born in 1997 to 2007: a total population
study from stockholm, sweden. The Journal of hand surgery 35:1742-
1754.
Ekblom AG, Laurell T, Arner M. 2014. Epidemiology of congenital upper
limb anomalies in Stockholm, Sweden, 1997 to 2007: application of the
Oberg, Manske, and Tonkin classification. The Journal of hand surgery
39:237-248.
Elias ER, Irons MB, Hurley AD, Tint GS, Salen G. 1997. Clinical effects of
cholesterol supplementation in six patients with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz
syndrome (SLOS). Am J Med Genet 68:305-310.
Erhardt RP, Lindley S. 2000. Functional development of the hand. In: Gupta
A, Kay SPJ, Scheker LR, editors. The Growing Hand: Diagnosis and
Management of the Upper Extremity in Children London, England:
Mosby. p 71-81.
Ezaki M, Baek GH, Horii E, Hovius SE. 2014. Classification of Congenital
Hand and Upper Limb Anomalies. In: Ezaki M, editor. IFSSH Scientific
Committee on Congenital Conditions. IFSSH Ezine. p 4.
Froster UG, Baird PA. 1992. Limb-reduction defects and chorionic villus
sampling. Lancet 339:66.