Endophytic Fungi 13shown to be antimicrobial. Cryptocandin, a cyclopeptide with potent
antifungal activities, is a metabolite of endophyte Cryptosporiopsis cf.
quercina of red wood (Tan and Zou, 2001). Cryptocandin exhibited resistant
against multiple human pathogens including Candida albicans and
Histoplasma capsulatum causal agent of the lung disease Histoplasmosis, in
addition to Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
Cryptocandin is also active against a number of plant-pathogenic fungi
including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea (Strobel et al., 1999b).
Two new cyclic pentapeptides, cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Leu1-L-Leu2-L-Leu3-L-Ile)
and cyclo-(Phe-Val-Leu–Leu-Leu) were purified from the culture of
endophytic fungus strain (No. 2524) which was recovered from Avicennia
marina (Forsk.) Vierh. seeds. They demonstrated inhibitory activity against
the human cancer cell line Bel-7402. Cellular viability was 67 % at a dose of
15 μg mL-^1 , whereas no dose related effects were detected for dosages
between 15 and 500 μg mL-^1 (Li et al., 2004; Li et al., 2005). Five hybrid
peptide-polyketides, curvularides A–E, were obtained from the endophytic
fungus Curvularia geniculata, isolated from the limbs of Catunaregam
tomentosa. Curvularide B demonstrated antifungal activity against C. albicans,
and it also exhibited synergistic activity with a fluconazole drug (Chomcheon
et al., 2010). A detailed review concluding several isolated endophytic fungi
peptides was presented by Abdalla and Matasyoh (2014).
6.2.7. Polyketides
A new polyketide synthase−nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid
pericoannosin B, was isolated from the endophytic fungus Periconia sp. F- 31
which grew inside the medicinal plant Annona muricata (Zhang et al, 2016).
Codinaeopsin, a tryptophan−polyketide hybrid, was isolated from an
endophytic fungus CR127A that was collected from a white yemeri tree
Vochysia guatemalensis in Costa Rica. Codinaeopsin revealed activity against
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most lethal form of
malaria, with IC 50 = 2.3 μg mL-^1 or 4.7 μM (Kontnik and Clardy, 2008).
Chaetomugilin D, together with three known metabolites, chaetomugilin A,
chaetoglobosins A and C, has been isolated from the EtOAc extract of the
cultures of Chaetomium globosum, an endophytic fungus found in the leaves
of Ginkgo biloba. These compounds displayed significant growth inhibitory
activity against the brine shrimp Artemia salina and Mucor miehei (Qin et al.,
2009). Six major heterodimeric polyketides, acremoxanthone derivative:
Acremoxanthones A, B, C and acremonidins A and B were obtained from the
culture of endophytic fungus Acremonium camptosporum isolated from the