14 Afra Khiralla, Rosella Spina, Sakina Yagi et al.
leaves of Bursera simaruba (Gonzalez et al., 2015). An endophytic fungus
Epicoccum sp. CAFTBO, obtained from Theobroma cacao was found to
produce three polyoxygenated polyketides, namely epicolactone, epicoccolides
A and B. These compounds showed potent antimicrobial activities and
significant inhibitory effects on the mycelia growth of two peronosporomycete
phytopathogens, Pythium ultimum and Aphanomyces cochlioides, and the
basidiomycetous fungus Rhizoctonia solani (Talontsi et al., 2013).
6.2.8. Acids
Li et al., (2016) stated that an endophytic fungus from Salvia miltiorrhiza
produces salvianolic acid C as its host plant. This fungal endophyte identified
as Phoma glomerata D14. Khiralla (2015) isolated a new acid 3,7,11,15-
Tetrahydroxy- 18 - hydroxymethyl-14,16,20,22,24-pentamethyl- hexacosa-
4E,8E,12E,16,18-pentaenoic acid; Khair acid from the solid culture of the
endophyte Curvularia papendorfii isolated from Vernonia amygdalina. This
acid revealed an average antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 62.5 μg mL-^1. Zhao et al., (2012)
reported three endophytic fungi Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and F.
proliferatum from pigeon pea Cajanus cajan producing cajaninstilbene acid
(CSA). This acid is one of the major stilbenes found in pigeon pea. However,
cajaninstilbene acid revealed hypotriglycerimic, hypoglycemic, anti-
inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities. Cytonic acids A and B have
been isolated from the solid-state fermentation of the endophytic fungi
Cytonaema sp. Cytonic acids A and B showed potential anti-viral effect
against human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) protease with values of IC 50 = 43μM
and IC 50 =11μM respectively (Guo et al., 2000). Two new 10-oxo- 10 H-
phenaleno[1,2,3-de]chromene- 2 - carboxylic acids, xanalteric acids I and II
were purified from extracts of the endophytic fungus Alternaria sp., isolated
from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba collected in China. The two acids
exhibited weak antibiotic activity with MIC values of 125 and 250 μg mL-^1
respectively against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Kjer et al.,
2009). The endophytic fungus Cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina produces
cryptocin in culture. This unique tetramic acid displays powerful antimycotic
activity against several plant pathogenic fungal strains including Pythium
ultimum, Pyricularia oryzae, with MIC values 0.39 and 0.78 μg mL-^1
respectively (Li et al., 2000). Two new acids were isolated from Mangrove
endophytic fungus (No. ZZF13) (Xia et al., 2008).