Endophytic Fungi Are Multifunctional Biosynthesizers 59Fusapyridons A (3) and B (4) produced by the endophyte Fusarium sp.
YG-45 are two 3, 4, 5-trisubstituted N-methyl- 2 - pyridone alkaloids.
Fusapyridons A displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Tsuchinari et al., 2007).
Penicidones A-C ( 5 - 7 ) were isolated from Penicillium sp. IFB-E022, an
endophytic fungus isolated from the stem of Quercus variabilis (Fagaceae).
Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive interpretation of spectral
data obtained from IR, UV, HRESIMS and analysis of 1D and 2D NMR
spectra. The stereochemistry of 5 and 6 was identified by comparing the
optical rotation data with those of vermistatin. Penicidones A–C ( 5 - 7 ) were the
first group of natural products possessing a penicidone framework.
Compounds ( 5 - 7 ) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against four cancer cell
lines (Ge et al., 2008).
Novel azaphilone alkaloid dimers namely chaetofusins A (8) and B (9)
from the fungus Chaetomium fusiforme isolated from liverwort Scapania
verrucosa Heeg were identified. The evaluation of the antifungal properties
reveled a strong activities against C. albicans and A. fumigates (Peng et al.,
2012). The dimer structure of those compounds were confirmed by analysis of
their HRESIMS and^13 C NMR spectra (Peng et al., 2012). Azaphilone dimer
alkaloids were first reported in 2008 from the fungus Chaetomium globosum
(Ming et al., 2008). Another three related new chlorinated azaphilone alkaloids
were reported from the culture broth of C. globosum in 2013 named as
chaetomugilides A-C (10-12) (Li et al., 2013) which reflects the role of
metabolite profiling in the chemotaxonomy of endophytes.
Chemical investigations of the cultures of fungus Penicillium vinaceum
isolated from the corm of Crocus sativus gave rise to a unique quinazoline
alkaloid (13), identified as (-)-(1 R,4R)-1,4-(2,3)-indolmethane- 1 - methyl-2,4-
dihydro- 1 H-pyrazino-(2,1-b)-quinazoline-3,6-dione (Zheng et al., 2012).
Antifungal and cytotoxic properties were then assayed (Zheng et al., 2012). X-
ray crystallography confirmed the structure and absolute configuration of
Fusarimine (14) which is a new polyketide isoquinoline alkaloid isolated at
Prof. H. Laatsch group from Fusarium sp. LN12, isolated from Melia
azedarach (Yang et al., 2012).
In 2013 two new alkaloids, Mycoleptodiscins A (15) and B (16), with
naturally uncommon indol-terpene scaffold were identified from endophytic
fungus isolated from Desmotes incomparabilis identified as Mycoleptodiscus
sp. (Ortega et al., 2013).
A metabolite isolated from the Chinese mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
associated endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. GD6 was identified as a new