157
Interactions
Skeletal System
- Osteoblasts secrete Ca^2 1 and
PO 4 3 2 into the extracellular matrix,
forming calcium phosphate crystals
that account for the hardness of
bone (p. 690)
Nervous System
- Glucose enters neurons by
facilitated diffusion (p. 143) - Voltage-gated ion channels
produce action potentials, or nerve
impulses (p. 174) - Ion channels in particular regions
of a neuron open in response to
binding to a chemical ligand known
as a neurotransmitter (p. 183) - Neurotransmitters are released
by axons through the process of
exocytosis (p. 182) - Sensory stimuli generally cause
the opening of ion channels and
depolarization of receptor cells
(p. 269)
Endocrine System
- Lipophilic hormones pass through
the cell membrane of their target
cells, where they then bind to
receptors in the cytoplasm or
nucleus (p. 323) - Active transport Ca^1 pumps and
the passive diffusion of Ca^1 are
important in mediating the actions
of some hormones (p. 328) - Insulin stimulates the facilitative
diffusion of glucose into skeletal
muscle cells (p. 345)
Muscular System
- Exercise increases the number of
carriers for the facilitative diffusion
of glucose in the muscle cell
membrane (p. 378)- Ca^2 1 transport processes in the
endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal
muscle fibers are important in the
regulation of muscle contraction
(p. 373)
- Ca^2 1 transport processes in the
- Voltage-gated Ca^2 1 channels in the
cell membrane of smooth muscle
open in response to depolarization,
producing contraction of the
muscle (p. 395)
Circulatory System
- Transport processes through
the capillary endothelial cells of
the brain are needed in order for
molecules to cross the blood-brain
barrier and enter the brain (p. 171) - Ion diffusion across the plasma
membrane of myocardial cells is
responsible for the electrical activity
of the heart (p. 425) - The LDL carriers for blood
cholesterol are taken into arterial
smooth muscle cells by receptor-
mediated endocytosis (p. 438)
Immune System
- B lymphocytes secrete antibody
proteins that function in humoral
(antibody mediated) immunity
(p. 503) - T lymphocytes secrete
polypeptides called cytokines that
promote the cell mediated immune
response (p. 508) - Antigen-presenting cells engulf
foreign proteins by pinocytosis,
modify these proteins, and present
them to T lymphocytes (p. 510)
Respiratory System
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass
through the cells of the pulmonary
alveoli (airsacs) by simple diffusion
(p. 533)- Surfactant is secreted into
pulmonary alveoli by exocytosis
(p. 540)
- Surfactant is secreted into
Urinary System
- Urine is produced as a filtrate of
blood plasma, but most of the
filtered water is reabsorbed back
into the blood by osmosis (p. 590) - Osmosis across the wall of the
renal tubules is promoted by
membrane pores known as
aquaporins (p. 596) - Transport of urea occurs passively
across particular regions of the
renal tubules (p. 595) - Antidiuretic hormone stimulates the
permeability of the renal tubule to
water (p. 596) - Aldosterone stimulates Na^1
transport in a region of the renal
tubule (p. 605) - Glucose and amino acids are
reabsorbed by secondary active
transport (p. 603)
Digestive System
- Cells in the stomach have a
membrane H^1 /K^1 ATPase active
transport pump that creates an
extremely acidic gastric juice
(p. 626) - Water is absorbed in the intestine
by osmosis following the
absorption of sodium chloride
(p. 634) - An intestinal membrane carrier
protein transports dipeptides and
tripeptides from the intestinal lumen
into the epithelial cells (p. 652)
HPer Links of Membrane Transport Concepts to the Body Systems