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Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

(Tina Sui) #1

Contents xix


  - 13 Blood, Heart, and Circulation Brief Contents

     - Pressure 14 Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood

  - 15 The Immune System

  - 16 Respiratory Physiology

  - 17 Physiology of the Kidneys

  - 18 The Digestive System

  - 19 Regulation of Metabolism

  - 20 Reproduction

  - Answers to Objective Questions A- Appendix

  - Glossary G-

  - Credits C-

  - Index I-


  • 1 The Study of Body Function

  • 2 Chemical Composition of the Body

  • 3 Cell Structure and Genetic Control

  • 4 Enzymes and Energy

  • 5 Cell Respiration and Metabolism

    • Extracellular Environment 6 Interactions Between Cells and the



  • 7 The Nervous System

  • 8 The Central Nervous System

  • 9 The Autonomic Nervous System

  • 10 Sensory Physiology

  • 11 Endocrine Glands

  • 12 Muscle

  • CHAPTER Preface v

  • The Study of Body Function

  • 1.1 Introduction to Physiology

    • Scientific Method



  • 1.2 Homeostasis and Feedback Control

    • History of Physiology

    • Negative Feedback Loops

    • Positive Feedback

    • Neural and Endocrine Regulation

    • Feedback Control of Hormone Secretion



  • 1.3 The Primary Tissues

    • Muscle Tissue

    • Nervous Tissue

    • Epithelial Tissue

    • Connective Tissue



  • 1.4 Organs and Systems

    • An Example of an Organ: The Skin

    • Systems

    • Body-Fluid Compartments



  • Summary

  • Review Activities

  • CHAPTER

  • Chemical Composition of the Body

  • 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Chemical Bonds

    • Atoms

    • Compounds Chemical Bonds, Molecules, and Ionic

    • Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale

    • Organic Molecules



  • 2.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids

    • Carbohydrates

    • Lipids



  • 2.3 Proteins

    • Structure of Proteins

    • Functions of Proteins

      • 2.4 Nucleic Acids

        • Deoxyribonucleic Acid

        • Ribonucleic Acid



      • Summary

      • Review Activities

      • CHAPTER

      • Cell Structure and Genetic Control

        • Structures 3.1 Plasma Membrane and Associated

        • Structure of the Plasma Membrane

        • Phagocytosis

        • Endocytosis

        • Exocytosis

        • Cilia and Flagella

        • Microvilli



      • 3.2 Cytoplasm and Its Organelles

        • Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton

        • Lysosomes

        • Peroxisomes

        • Mitochondria

        • Ribosomes

        • Endoplasmic Reticulum

        • Golgi Complex



      • 3.3 Cell Nucleus and Gene Expression

        • Genome and Proteome

        • Chromatin

        • RNA Synthesis

        • RNA Interference



      • 3.4 Protein Synthesis and Secretion

        • Transfer RNA

        • Formation of a Polypeptide

        • and Golgi Complex Functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

        • Protein Degradation



      • 3.5 DNA Synthesis and Cell Division

        • DNA Replication



      • 5.4 Metabolism of Lipids and Proteins xvi Contents

        • Lipid Metabolism

        • Amino Acid Metabolism

        • Uses of Different Energy Sources



      • Interactions

      • Summary

      • Review Activities

      • CHAPTER

      • Extracellular Environment Interactions Between Cells and the

      • 6.1 Extracellular Environment

        • Body Fluids

        • Extracellular Matrix

        • Membrane Categories of Transport Across the Plasma



      • 6.2 Diffusion and Osmosis

        • Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane

        • Rate of Diffusion

        • Osmosis

        • Regulation of Blood Osmolality



      • 6.3 Carrier-Mediated Transport

        • Facilitated Diffusion

        • Active Transport

        • Bulk Transport



      • 6.4 The Membrane Potential

        • Equilibrium Potentials

        • Resting Membrane Potential



      • 6.5 Cell Signaling

        • Second Messengers

        • G-Proteins



      • Interactions

      • Summary

      • Review Activities

      • CHAPTER

      • The Nervous System

      • 7.1 Neurons and Supporting Cells

        • Neurons

        • Classification of Neurons and Nerves

        • Neuroglial Cells

        • Neurilemma and Myelin Sheath

        • Functions of Astrocytes





    • The Cell Cycle

    • Mitosis

    • Meiosis

    • Epigenetic Inheritance



  • Interactions

  • Summary

  • Review Activities

  • CHAPTER

  • Enzymes and Energy

  • 4.1 Enzymes as Catalysts

    • Mechanism of Enzyme Action

    • Naming of Enzymes



  • 4.2 Control of Enzyme Activity

    • Effects of Temperature and pH

    • Cofactors and Coenzymes

    • Enzyme Activation

    • Reactions Substrate Concentration and Reversible

    • Metabolic Pathways



  • 4.3 Bioenergetics

    • Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions

    • Coupled Reactions: ATP

    • Coupled Reactions: Oxidation-Reduction



  • Summary

  • Review Activities

  • CHAPTER

  • Cell Respiration and Metabolism

  • 5.1 Glycolysis and the Lactic Acid Pathway

    • Glycolysis

    • Lactic Acid Pathway



  • 5.2 Aerobic Respiration

    • Citric Acid Cycle

    • Phosphorylation Electron Transport and Oxidative

    • Production Coupling of Electron Transport to ATP

    • ATP Balance Sheet

    • and Glycogen 5.3 Interconversion of Glucose, Lactic Acid,

    • Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis

    • Cori Cycle

      • Hindbrain Contents xvii

      • Arousal Reticular Activating System in Sleep and

      • 8.5 Spinal Cord Tracts

        • Ascending Tracts

        • Descending Tracts



      • 8.6 Cranial and Spinal Nerves

        • Cranial Nerves

        • Spinal Nerves



      • Summary

      • Review Activities

      • CHAPTER

      • The Autonomic Nervous System

        • Effectors 9.1 Neural Control of Involuntary

        • Autonomic Neurons

        • Visceral Effector Organs

        • System 9.2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous

        • Sympathetic Division

        • Parasympathetic Division

        • System 9.3 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous

        • Transmission Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic

        • Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation

        • Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation

        • Other Autonomic Neurotransmitters

        • Organs with Dual Innervation

        • Organs Without Dual Innervation

        • by Higher Brain Centers Control of the Autonomic Nervous System



      • Interactions

      • Summary

      • Review Activities

      • CHAPTER

      • Sensory Physiology

      • 10.1 Characteristics of Sensory Receptors

        • Categories of Sensory Receptors

        • Law of Specific Nerve Energies

        • Generator (Receptor) Potential







  • 7.2 Electrical Activity in Axons

    • Ion Gating in Axons

    • Action Potentials

    • Conduction of Nerve Impulses



  • 7.3 The Synapse

    • Electrical Synapses: Gap Junctions

    • Chemical Synapses



  • 7.4 Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter

    • Chemically Regulated Channels

    • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

    • Acetylcholine in the PNS

    • Acetylcholine in the CNS



  • 7.5 Monoamines as Neurotransmitters

    • Serotonin as a Neurotransmitter

    • Dopamine as a Neurotransmitter

    • Norepinephrine as a Neurotransmitter



  • 7.6 Other Neurotransmitters

    • Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters

    • Polypeptides as Neurotransmitters

    • Endocannabinoids as Neurotransmitters

    • Gases as Neurotransmitters

    • ATP and Adenosine as Neurotransmitters



  • 7.7 Synaptic Integration

    • Synaptic Plasticity

    • Synaptic Inhibition



  • Summary

  • Review Activities

  • CHAPTER

  • The Central Nervous System

  • 8.1 Structural Organization of the Brain

  • 8.2 Cerebrum

    • Cerebral Cortex

    • Basal Nuclei

    • Cerebral Lateralization

    • Language

    • Limbic System and Emotion

    • Memory

    • Emotion and Memory



  • 8.3 Diencephalon

    • Thalamus and Epithalamus

    • Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland



  • 8.4 Midbrain and Hindbrain

    • Midbrain

      • Response Effects of Hormone Concentrations on Tissue

      • 11.2 Mechanisms of Hormone Action

        • Proteins Hormones That Bind to Nuclear Receptor

        • Hormones That Use Second Messengers



      • 11.3 Pituitary Gland

        • Pituitary Hormones

        • Pituitary Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior

        • Pituitary Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior

        • Feedback Control of the Anterior Pituitary

        • Higher Brain Function and Pituitary Secretion



      • 11.4 Adrenal Glands

        • Functions of the Adrenal Cortex

        • Functions of the Adrenal Medulla

        • Stress and the Adrenal Gland



      • 11.5 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

        • Production and Action of Thyroid Hormones

        • Parathyroid Glands



      • 11.6 Pancreas and Other Endocrine Glands

        • Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

        • Pineal Gland

        • Gastrointestinal Tract

        • Gonads and Placenta



      • 11.7 Paracrine and Autocrine Regulation

        • Regulation Examples of Paracrine and Autocrine

        • Prostaglandins



      • Interactions

      • Summary

      • Review Activities

      • CHAPTER

      • Muscle

      • 12.1 Skeletal Muscles

        • Structure of Skeletal Muscles

        • Motor End Plates and Motor Units



      • 12.2 Mechanisms of Contraction

        • Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction

        • Regulation of Contraction



      • 12.3 Contractions of Skeletal Muscles

        • Twitch, Summation, and Tetanus







  • 10.2 Cutaneous Sensations

    • Sensations Neural Pathways for Somatesthetic

    • Receptive Fields and Sensory Acuity

    • Lateral Inhibition



  • 10.3 Taste and Smell

    • Taste

    • Smell



  • 10.4 Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium

    • Apparatus Sensory Hair Cells of the Vestibular

    • Utricle and Saccule

    • Semicircular Canals



  • 10.5 The Ears and Hearing

    • Outer Ear

    • Middle Ear

    • Cochlea

    • Spiral Organ (Organ of Corti)



  • 10.6 The Eyes and Vision

    • Refraction

    • Accommodation

    • Visual Acuity



  • 10.7 Retina

    • Effect of Light on the Rods

    • Electrical Activity of Retinal Cells

    • Cones and Color Vision

    • Visual Acuity and Sensitivity

    • Neural Pathways from the Retina



  • 10.8 Neural Processing of Visual Information

    • Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields

    • Lateral Geniculate Nuclei

    • Cerebral Cortex



  • Interactions

  • Summary

  • Review Activities

  • CHAPTER

  • Endocrine Glands

  • 11.1 Endocrine Glands and Hormones

    • Chemical Classification of Hormones

    • Prohormones and Prehormones

    • Regulation Common Aspects of Neural and Endocrine

    • Hormone Interactions

      • Electrocardiogram 13.5 Electrical Activity of the Heart and the

      • Electrical Activity of the Heart

      • The Electrocardiogram

      • 13.6 Blood Vessels

        • Arteries

        • Capillaries

        • Veins

        • Arrhythmias 13.7 Atherosclerosis and Cardiac

        • Atherosclerosis

        • Electrocardiograph Arrhythmias Detected by the



      • 13.8 Lymphatic System

      • Summary

      • Review Activities

      • CHAPTER

      • and Blood Pressure Cardiac Output, Blood Flow,

      • 14.1 Cardiac Output

        • Regulation of Cardiac Rate

        • Regulation of Stroke Volume

        • Venous Return



      • 14.2 Blood Volume

        • Tissues Exchange of Fluid Between Capillaries and

        • Kidneys Regulation of Blood Volume by the

        • Flow 14.3 Vascular Resistance to Blood

        • Physical Laws Describing Blood Flow

        • Extrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow

        • Paracrine Regulation of Blood Flow

        • Intrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow

        • Muscles 14.4 Blood Flow to the Heart and Skeletal

        • Aerobic Requirements of the Heart

        • Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow

        • Muscles Regulation of Blood Flow Through Skeletal

        • Circulatory Changes During Exercise



      • 14.5 Blood Flow to the Brain and Skin

        • Cerebral Circulation

        • Cutaneous Blood Flow





    • Types of Muscle Contractions

    • Series-Elastic Component

    • Length-Tension Relationship

    • Muscles 12.4 Energy Requirements of Skeletal

    • Metabolism of Skeletal Muscles

    • Slow- and Fast-Twitch Fibers

    • Muscle Fatigue

    • Adaptations of Muscles to Exercise Training

    • Muscle Damage and Repair



  • 12.5 Neural Control of Skeletal Muscles

    • Muscle Spindle Apparatus

    • Alpha and Gamma Motoneurons

    • Motoneurons Coactivation of Alpha and Gamma

    • Skeletal Muscle Reflexes

    • Muscles Upper Motor Neuron Control of Skeletal



  • 12.6 Cardiac and Smooth Muscles

    • Cardiac Muscle

    • Smooth Muscle



  • Interactions

  • Summary

  • Review Activities

  • CHAPTER

  • Blood, Heart, and Circulation

    • Circulatory System 13.1 Functions and Components of the

    • Functions of the Circulatory System

    • Major Components of the Circulatory System



  • 13.2 Composition of the Blood

    • Plasma

    • The Formed Elements of Blood

    • Hematopoiesis

    • Red Blood Cell Antigens and Blood Typing

    • Blood Clotting

    • Dissolution of Clots



  • 13.3 Structure of the Heart

    • Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations

    • Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves

    • Heart Sounds



  • 13.4 Cardiac Cycle

    • Pressure Changes During the Cardiac Cycle



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