Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

(Tina Sui) #1

262


Interactions


Integumentary System



  • The skin houses receptors for heat,
    cold, pain, pressure, and vibration
    (p. 270)

  • Afferent neurons conduct impulses
    from cutaneous receptors (p. 271)

  • Sympathetic neurons to the skin
    help to regulate cutaneous blood
    flow (p. 474)


Skeletal System



  • The skeleton supports and protects
    the brain and spinal cord (p. 207)

  • Bones store calcium needed for
    neural function (p. 690)

  • Afferent neurons from sensory
    receptors monitor movements of
    joints (p. 474)


Muscular System



  • Muscle contractions generate
    body heat to maintain constant
    temperature for neural function
    (p. 675)

  • Afferent neurons from muscle
    spindles transmit impulses to the
    CNS (p. 386)

  • Somatic motor neurons innervate
    skeletal muscles (p. 361)

  • Autonomic motor neurons innervate
    cardiac and smooth muscles (p. 244)


Endocrine System



  • Many hormones, including sex
    steroids, act on the brain (p. 714)

  • Hormones and neurotransmitters,
    such as epinephrine and
    norepinephrine, can have synergistic
    actions on a target tissue (p. 321)

  • Autonomic neurons innervate
    endocrine glands such as the
    pancreatic islets (p. 679)

    • The brain controls anterior pituitary
      function (p. 334)

    • The brain controls posterior
      pituitary function (p. 333)




Circulatory System



  • The circulatory system transports
    O 2 and CO 2 , nutrients, and fluids to
    and from all organs, including the
    brain and spinal cord (p. 405)

  • Autonomic nerves help to regulate
    cardiac output (p. 451)

  • Autonomic nerves promote
    constriction and dilation of blood
    vessels, helping to regulate blood
    flow and blood pressure (p. 466)


Immune System



  • Chemical factors called cytokines,
    released by cells of the immune
    system, act on the brain to promote
    a fever (p. 497)

  • Cytokines from the immune
    system act on the brain to modify
    its regulation of pituitary gland
    secretion (p. 514)

  • The nervous system plays a role
    in regulating the immune response
    (p. 514)


Respiratory System



  • The lungs provide oxygen for all
    body systems and eliminate carbon
    dioxide (p. 533)

  • Neural centers within the brain
    control breathing (p. 554)


Urinary System



  • The kidneys eliminate metabolic
    wastes and help to maintain
    homeostasis of the blood plasma
    (p. 582)

    • The kidneys regulate plasma
      concentrations of Na^1 , K^1 ,
      and other ions needed for the
      functioning of neurons (p. 604)

    • The nervous system innervates
      organs of the urinary system to
      control urination (p. 584)

    • Autonomic nerves help to regulate
      renal blood flow (p. 589)




Digestive System



  • The GI tract provides nutrients for
    all body organs, including those of
    the nervous system (p. 620)

  • Autonomic nerves innervate
    digestive organs (p. 622)

  • The GI tract contains a complex
    enteric nervous system that
    regulates its motility and secretions
    (p. 648)

  • Secretions of gastric juice can be
    stimulated through activation of
    brain regions (p. 646)

  • Hunger is controlled by centers
    in the hypothalamus of the brain
    (p. 672)


Reproductive System



  • Gonads produce sex hormones
    that influence brain development
    (p. 714)

  • The brain helps to regulate
    secretions of gonadotropic
    hormones from the anterior
    pituitary (p. 334)

  • Autonomic nerves regulate blood
    flow into the external genitalia,
    contributing to the male and female
    sexual response (p. 712)

  • The nervous and endocrine
    systems cooperate in the control of
    lactation (p. 746)


HPer Links of the Nervous System with Other Body Systems

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