398Interactions
Integumentary System
- The skin helps protect all organs
of the body from invasion by
pathogens (p. 494) - The smooth muscles of cutaneous
blood vessels are needed for the
regulation of cutaneous blood flow
(p. 474) - The arrector pili muscles in the skin
produce goose bumps (p. 18)
Skeletal System
- Bones store calcium, which is
needed for the control of muscle
contraction (p. 690) - The skeleton provides attachment
sites for muscles (p. 361) - Joints of the skeleton provide
levers for movement (p. 376) - Muscle contractions maintain the
health and strength of bone (p. 691)
Nervous System
- Somatic motor neurons stimulate
contraction of skeletal muscles
(p. 361) - Autonomic neurons stimulate
smooth muscle contraction or
relaxation (p. 244) - Autonomic nerves increase cardiac
output during exercise (p. 470) - Sensory neurons from muscles
monitor muscle length and tension
(p. 386)
Endocrine System
- Sex hormones promote muscle
development and maintenance
(p. 322) - Parathyroid hormone and other
hormones regulate blood calcium
and phosphate concentrations
(p. 692)- Epinephrine and norepinephrine
influence contractions of cardiac
muscle and smooth muscles
(p. 252) - Insulin promotes glucose entry into
skeletal muscles (p. 345) - Adipose tissue secretes hormones
that regulate the sensitivity of
muscles to insulin (p. 670)
Circulatory System
- Blood transports O 2 and nutrients
to muscles and removes CO 2 and
lactic acid (p. 405) - Contractions of skeletal muscles
serve as a pump to assist blood
movement within veins (p. 435) - Cardiac muscle enables the heart
to function as a pump (p. 392) - Smooth muscle enables blood
vessels to constrict and dilate
(p. 432)
Respiratory System
- The lungs provide oxygen for
muscle metabolism and eliminate
carbon dioxide (p. 533) - Respiratory muscles enable
ventilation of the lungs (p. 541)
Urinary System
- The kidneys eliminate creatinine
and other metabolic wastes from
muscle (p. 601) - The kidneys help regulate the
blood calcium and phosphate
concentrations (p. 695) - Muscles of the urinary tract are
needed for the control of urination
(p. 584)
Digestive System
- The GI tract provides nutrients for
all body organs, including muscles
(p. 620) - Smooth muscle contractions push
digestion products along the GI
tract (p. 624) - Muscular sphincters of the GI tract
help to regulate the passage of
food (p. 625)
Reproductive System
- Testicular androgen promotes
growth of skeletal muscle (p. 322) - Muscle contractions contribute to
orgasm in both sexes (p. 712) - Uterine muscle contractions are
required for vaginal delivery of a
fetus (p. 744)
HPer Links of the Muscular System with Other Body Systems