580 Chapter 16
- Describe the formation, composition, and function of
pulmonary surfactant. What happens when surfactant is
absent? How is this condition treated? - Compare and contrast asthma with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), in terms of their causes, the
structures and processes involved, and treatments.
Test Your Analytical Ability
- The nature of the sounds produced by percussion (tapping)
a patient’s chest can tell a physician a great deal about the
condition of the organs within the thoracic cavity. Healthy,
air-filled lungs resonate, or sound hollow. How do you think
the lungs of a person with emphysema would sound in
comparison to healthy lungs? What kind of sounds would be
produced by a collapsed lung, or one that was partially filled
with fluid? - Explain why the first breath of a healthy neonate is more
difficult than subsequent breaths and why premature infants
often require respiratory assistance (a mechanical ventilator)
to keep their lungs inflated. How else is this condition
treated? - Nicotine from cigarette smoke causes the buildup of mucus
and paralyzes the cilia that line the respiratory tract. How
might these conditions affect pulmonary function tests? If
smoking has led to emphysema, how would the pulmonary
function tests change? - Carbon monoxide poisoning from smoke inhalation and
suicide attempts is the most common cause of death from
poisoning in the United States. How would carbon monoxide
poisoning affect a person’s coloring, particularly of the
mucous membranes? How would it affect the hemoglobin
concentration, hematocrit, and percent oxyhemoglobin
saturation? How would chronic carbon monoxide poisoning
affect the person’s red blood cell content of 2,3-DPG? - After driving from sea level to a trailhead in the High
Sierras, you get out of your car and feel dizzy. What do you
suppose is causing your dizziness? How is this beneficial
and how is it detrimental? What may eventually happen to
help to reduce the cause of the dizziness?
38. Explain how a subatmospheric intrapleural pressure is
produced, and how this relates to collapse of a lung when a
person suffers an open chest wound.
39. What is the physiological advantage of the fetus having a
different form of hemoglobin earlier and then switching
to the adult form later in development? What is the
physiological mechanism responsible for the fetus having a
high blood hemoglobin concentration? How does this relate
to physiological neonatal jaundice?
40. You cannot affect the oxygen delivery to your tissues by
drinking “oxygenated water.” However, breathing oxygen at
hyperbaric pressures does increase oxygen delivery to the
tissues. Explain why these two statements are true.
Test Your Quantitative Ability
Refer to page 548 and figure 16.19 and calculate the P^ O 2 of the
following gas mixtures:- Dry air at a total pressure of 530 mmHg
- Air saturated with water vapor at a total pressure of
600 mm Hg - Air saturated with water vapor at a pressure of
2.5 atmospheres
Use figure 16.34 to answer the following questions: - Blood at a pH of 7.40 has what percent oxyhemoglobin
saturation at a P^ O 2 of (a) 70 mmHg; and (b) 20 mmHg? - What percentage of the oxygen carried by hemoglobin is
unloaded in question 44? - Blood at a pH of 7.20 has what percent oxyhemoglobin
saturation at a P^ O 2 of (a) 70 mmHg; and (b) 20 mmHg? - What percent of the oxygen carried by hemoglobin is
unloaded in question 46?
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