619

Refresh Your Memory

Before you begin this chapter, you may want to review

these concepts from previous chapters:

■ Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 246

■ Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 251

■ Endocrine Glands and Hormones 317

■ Paracrine and Autocrine Regulation 349

CHAPTER OUTLINE

18.1 Introduction to the Digestive System 620

Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract 621

Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Tract 622

18.2 From Mouth to Stomach 623

Esophagus 624

Stomach 625

Pepsin and Hydrochloric Acid Secretion 626

18.3 Small Intestine 628

Villi and Microvilli 629

Intestinal Enzymes 630

Intestinal Contractions and Motility 631

18.4 Large Intestine 632

Intestinal Microbiota 633

Fluid and Electrolyte Absorption in the

Intestine 635

Defecation 636

18.5 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas 636

Structure of the Liver 636

Functions of the Liver 638

Gallbladder 641

Pancreas 643

18.6 Regulation of the Digestive System 645

Regulation of Gastric Function 645

Regulation of Intestinal Function 648

Regulation of Pancreatic Juice and Bile

Secretion 648

Trophic Effects of Gastrointestinal

Hormones 650

18.7 Digestion and Absorption of Food 650

Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates 650

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins 651

Digestion and Absorption of Lipids 652

Interactions 656

Summary 657

Review Activities 658

The Digestive

System

18

CHAPTER

fox36375_ch18_619-660.indd 619fox36375_ch18_619-660.indd 619 2/2/15 9:47 AM2/2/15 9:47 AM