Regulation of Metabolism 663with hyperthyroidism has an abnormally high BMR, and a per-
son with hypothyroidism has a low BMR. The BMR may be
influenced by genetic inheritance; at least some families prone
to obesity may have a genetically determined low BMR.
In general, however, individual differences in energy require-
ments are due primarily to differences in physical activity. Daily
energy expenditures may range from 1,300 to 5,000 kilocalories
per day. The average values for people not engaged in heavy man-
ual labor but active during their leisure are about 2,900 kilocalo-
ries per day for men and 2,100 kilocalories per day for women.
People engaged in office work, the professions, sales, and com-
parable occupations consume up to 5 kilocalories per minute dur-
ing work. More physically demanding occupations may require
energy expenditures of 7.5 to 10 kilocalories per minute.Weight in Pounds
Activity 105–115 127–137 160–170 182–192
Bicycling
10 mph 5.41 6.16 7.33 7.91
Stationary, 10 mph 5.50 6.25 7.41 8.16
Calisthenics 3.91 4.50 7.33 7.91
Dancing
Aerobic 5.83 6.58 7.83 8.58
Square 5.50 6.25 7.41 8.00
Gardening, Weeding, and Digging 5.08 5.75 6.83 7.50
Jogging
5.5 mph 8.58 9.75 11.50 12.66
6.5 mph 8.90 10.20 12.00 13.20
8.0 mph 10.40 11.90 14.10 15.50
9.0 mph 12.00 13.80 16.20 17.80
Rowing, Machine
Easily 3.91 4.50 5.25 5.83
Vigorously 8.58 9.75 11.50 12.66
Skiing
Downhill 7.75 8.83 10.41 11.50
Cross-country, 5 mph 9.16 10.41 12.25 13.33
Cross-country, 9 mph 13.08 14.83 17.58 19.33
Swimming, Crawl
20 yards per minute 3.91 4.50 5.25 5.83
40 yards per minute 7.83 8.91 10.50 11.58
55 yards per minute 11.00 12.50 14.75 16.25
Walking
2 mph 2.40 2.80 3.30 3.60
3 mph 3.90 4.50 6.30 6.80
4 mph 4.50 5.20 6.10 6.80Table 19.1 | Energy Consumed (in Kilocalories per Minute) in Different Types of Activities