Index I-3Apocrine sweat glands, 15
Apolipoproteins, 222, 438, 653
Apoptosis
in Alzheimer’s disease, 222
intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of, 75–76
lysosomes and, 58
myocardial infarcation and, 439
phagocytosis and, 54
APP (amyloid precursor protein), 222
Appendectomy, 633
Appendicitis, 633
Appendix, 633, 633f
Appetite. See also Food
neuropeptide Y and, 197, 672
regulation of, 197, 672–674
serotonin and, 192
“Apple shape,” 671, 682
Aquaporins, 135, 137, 594, 596
Aqueous body-fluid compartments, 20
Aqueous humor, 293, 293f
Arachidonic acid, 351
2-Arachidonyl glycerol, 197
Arachnoid membrane, 208
Arachnoid villi, 208
ARBs (angiotensin II-receptor blockers), 462, 484
Arcuate arteries, 585
Arcuate fasciculus, 218
Arcuate nucleus, 672
Arcuate veins, 586
ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), 540
Areolae, 712
Areolar (loose) connective tissue, 16
Arginine, 41f, 122 t
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 333, 596
Aristotle, 4, 209
Aromatase, 714
Aromatase inhibitor, 325
Aromatic compounds, 31
Arousal
reticular activating system in, 231–232, 231f
in sexual response, 712
Arrector pili muscle, 260, 394
Arrhythmias, cardiac, 397, 426, 440–442, 440f, 442 f
ART (antiretroviral therapy), 509
Arterial blood, 406
Arterial blood pressure, 476
Arteries
arcuate, 585
blood pressure in, 432–433, 464–465, 475–476,
481–482
blood volume in, 456f
branching of, 406, 432, 434t
carotid, 452
coronary, 439, 468–469
elastic, 431–432
functions of, 406
hepatic, 637
interlobar, 585
interlobular, 585
muscular, 432
peripheral resistance in, 452
pulmonary, 418, 550, 551–552
spiral, 731, 741
structure of, 431–432, 432f
umbilical, 742–743, 743f
Arterioles
afferent, 585–586, 585f, 588–589, 588–589f
blood pressure in, 432–433, 464–465, 465f, 475–476
characteristics of, 434t
efferent, 585f, 586, 588–589fsubclasses of, 504
in transfusion reaction, 412–413
Antibody-mediated immunity, 499
Anticoagulants, 417t, 418, 423
Anticodons, 68–69
Antidepressants, 192, 194
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
actions of, 319t, 333, 598t
blood flow and, 465–466, 467t
blood pressure and, 479
blood volume and, 407, 460, 460f, 463 f, 598 t
dehydration and, 142
diabetes insipidus and, 598
hypertension and, 483
as neurotransmitter, 196t
plasma concentration and, 141f, 142, 596–597,
597 f, 598 t
production of, 227
renal reabsorption and, 595–598, 597f
secretion of, 227, 319t, 333, 460, 598t
structure of, 319, 319t
transport of, 227, 460
Antigen-binding fragment, 504–505
Antigen-binding site, 505, 505f
Antigenic determinant sites, 498
Antigenicity, virulence and, 515, 515f
Antigen-presenting cells, 499–500, 510, 510–513f,
510–514, 510f
Antigens
ABO system, 412, 413t
assay of, 498, 499f
in autoimmune disease, 521–522
explanation of, 412, 498
histocompatibility, 511
human leukocyte, 511
non-self (foreign), 498, 518, 521–522
proteins and, 498
receptors for, 497–498, 510–511
red blood cells, 412–413
Rh factor, 413–414
self, 498, 518, 521–522
structure of, 498
tumor, 519–521
Antihemophilic factor, 416t
Antihistamines, 191, 232, 524, 525
Antihypertensive drugs, 484, 485t
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), 523
Antioxidants, 114, 222, 438, 668–669
Antiport, 146–147
Antipsychotics, 193
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), 509
Antiserum, 518
Antithrombin III, 418
Antitoxin, 518
Antrum
of ovarian follicles, 725, 725f, 728 f
of stomach, 625, 625f
Anus, 622f, 719 f
Anxiety, treatment for, 192
Aorta, 418–419, 432, 452
Aortic aneurysm, 432
Aortic arch, in baroreceptor reflex, 477
Aortic bodies, 554–555
Aortic dissection, 432
Aortic semilunar valve, 420, 420f
Aphasias, 218
Apical surface, of epithelial cells, 149
Aplastic anemia, 78, 408
Apnea, 544t, 558
Apneustic respiratory center, 230, 554pernicious, 408, 521, 522t, 625
sickle-cell, 564, 564f
Anergy, clonal, 518
Anesthetic gases, 232
Anesthetics, local, 175
Aneurysms, 432
Angel dust (PCP), 199
Angina pectoris, 110, 272, 397, 439
Angiogenesis, 435
Angiograms, 469, 469f
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 461, 606
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,
462, 484
Angiotensin I, 461, 606
Angiotensin II, 196t, 461, 606
Angiotensin II-receptor blockers (ARBs), 462, 484
Angiotensinogen, 461, 606
Angle-closure glaucoma, 293
Angular acceleration, 279
Angular gyrus, 218
Animal models, in biomedical research, 4
Anions, 27, 150, 150f
Anisotropic (A) bands, 361, 364, 365, 367
Annual Review of Physiology (journal), 3
Annuli fibrosi, 418
Annulospiral sensory endings, 386
Anorexia nervosa, 671
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), 460, 462, 607–608
Anrep effect, 454
ANS. See Autonomic nervous system
Antacids, 628
Antagonistic effectors, 7
Antagonistic effects, of autonomic nerves,
258, 259t
Antagonistic effects, of hormones, 321
Antagonists
in neurotransmission, 185, 254, 256t
skeletal muscle, 360, 385t, 389–390, 389f
Anterior chamber of eye, 290, 291t, 293
Anterior corticospinal tracts, 233, 234t
Anterior insula, 219
Anterior pituitary gland
feedback control of, 335–336, 336f
hormones of, 331–332, 332t
hypothalamic control of, 333–335, 334–335f, 335 t
structure of, 331, 331f
Anterior spinocerebellar tract, 233t
Anterior spinothalamic tract, 233t, 272
Anterograde transport, 164–165
Anthracosis (black lung disease), 536, 546
Antibiotics
blood-brain barrier and, 171
for Helicobacter pylori infection, 628
intestinal microflora and, 634
nephrotoxicity of, 600
tubular secretion of, 600
Antibodies
antigen-binding site of, 505, 505f
in autoimmune disease, 521–522
classes of, 504
in complement system, 506–507
diversity of, 505–506
maternal, breast-feeding and, 518, 748, 748f
monoclonal, 518, 520, 740
in primary response, 515, 516f
as proteins, 44, 498
research on, 6, 498
in secondary response, 515, 516f
specificity of, 412, 498, 502, 504
structure of, 504–505, 504f, 505 ffox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 3fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 3 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM