Index I-31TDF (testis-determining factor), 704, 704f
Tear (lacrimal) glands, 15
Tectal system, 306, 307
Tectorial membrane, 287
Tectospinal tracts, 234t
Teeth, 18, 18f, 621
Telencephalon, 207–208, 208f, 225. See also
Cerebrum
Telmisartan, 462
Telomerase, 78
Telomeres, 76, 78
Telophase of cell cycle, 76, 77f, 79, 80f, 81 t
Temperature. See also Body temperature
control center, 662
enzymes, effect on, 92, 92f
negative feedback control with, 92, 92f
oxygen transport and, 562
receptors for, 270
regulation of, 405
Temporal lobe, 210, 211–212, 211t
Temporal summation, 199
Tendons, 16
Tension-length relationship, in muscle contraction,
376–377, 377f
Tensor tympani muscle, 284
Teratogenic effects, 33
Terbutaline, 255, 256t
Teriparatide (Forteo), 693
Terminal boutons, 181
Terminal bronchioles, 535–536
Terminal cisternae, 371
Terminal ganglia, 248
Tertiary structure, of proteins, 42–43f, 43
Testable hypotheses, 3
Testes
compartments of, 713, 715, 715f
endocrine functions of, 349, 707, 714–715
exocrine functions of, 16
formation of, 704–705, 704f
immunologically privileged site in, 514, 717
paracrine regulation in, 715
puberty and, 711
sex steroid secretion by, 40, 709
undescended, 705
Testicular feminization syndrome, 707
Testis-determining factor (TDF), 704, 704f
Testosterone
actions of, 349, 714, 715t
chemical structure of, 40f
derivatives of, 714, 714f
puberty and, 711, 714–715
regulation of bone and, 692
secretion of, 349, 705, 714
Tetanus, 374–375, 375f
Tetanus toxin, 183
Tetany, 375
Tetracaine, 175
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 197–198
Tetraiodothyronine (T 4 ). See Thyroxine
Tetrodotoxin, 186, 187t
TGFb (transforming growth factor beta), 508, 520
Thalamus, 216, 225–226, 391
Thalassemia, 564
Thalidomide, 33
TH1 cells, 509
TH2 cells, 509
TH17 cells, 509
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), 197–198
Theca interna, 725, 725f
Theophylline, 328neurotransmission in, 190, 194, 251–254, 252–
253 f, 255 f
parasympathetic nervous system and, 248, 258–
260, 259t
postganglionic fibers of, 246, 247
preganglionic fibers of, 246, 247
Sympathetic neurons, 165
Sympathetic ophthalmia, 522, 522t
Sympathoadrenal system, 247, 260, 339, 340, 454,
470, 675
Sympathomimetic drugs, 251
Sympathomimetic toxicity, 251
Symport, 146–147, 146f
Synapses, 154, 180–183, 181–182f, 184 f
Synapses en passant, 252, 395
Synaptic clefts, 181–182
Synaptic depression, 199–200
Synaptic inhibition, 200–201, 200f
Synaptic integration, 199–201
Synaptic plasticity, 199–200
Synaptic potentials, 183, 184f, 213
Synaptic signaling, 154
Synaptic transmission
adrenergic, 251–252, 252–253f
calcium in, 181, 182–183, 182f, 200, 201
cholinergic, 251–252, 252–253f
inhibition of, 199–201
long-term depression in, 197, 199–200
long-term potentiation in, 199–200
in memory, 222–224, 223f
Synaptic vesicles, 182–183, 182f
Synaptobrevin-2, 183
Synaptotagmin, 183
Syncytiotrophoblast, 741
Syncytium, 11
Syncytium, functional, 425, 428
Synergistic effects, of hormones, 321
Syntaxin, 183
Synthases, 91
Synthetases, 91
a-Synuclein, 216
Systemic circulation, 418–419, 419f, 419 t
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 521, 522t, 523
Systems. See also specific systems
explanation of, 11, 20
organ, 20, 20t
Systole, 420, 422
Systolic pressure, 479
Szent-Györgyi, Albert von, 5tT
T 3. See Triiodothyronine
Tachycardia, 440
Tactile acuity, 273
Tadalafil (Cialis), 721
Tagamet, 627
Tamoxifen, 325
Tanning, 18
Target cells, 154, 317, 323
Target organs, 8
Taste, 274–276, 275f
Taste buds, 274, 275f
Taste cells, 275, 275f
Tau protein, 222
Tay-Sachs disease, 58, 97t
TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin), 325
TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, 107, 111–112,
112–113fStructural isomers, 33
Structural proteins, 44
Struvite stones, 584
Strychnine, 187t, 195
S-T segments, 428, 429f
Subarachnoid space, 208
Subatmospheric (negative) pressure, 538
Subclavian veins, 443, 444f
Subcutaneous fats, 671
Subgranular zone, 209
Submandibular ganglion, 250
Submucosa, gastrointestinal, 622
Submucosal plexus, 622
Substance P, 196, 196t
Substantia nigra, 193, 215–216, 228, 391
Substrate-level phosphorylation, 115
Substrates, 89, 91, 94–95, 94f
Subthalamic nucleus, 216, 391
Subventricular zone, 209
Sucrose, 34, 138
Sudden death, from cardiac arrhythmias, 441
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 558
Sugars, 33, 34
Sulci, 210
Sulfhydryl groups, 32f
Sulfonylurea, 684
Sulfur, atomic structure of, 25t
Sulfuric acid, 29t
Summation, 185, 374–375, 374f
Superconducting quantum interference devices
(SQUIDS), 213
Superior colliculi, 228, 306
Superior mesenteric ganglia, 247
Superior olive, 288
Superior vena cava, 419
Superoxide dismutase, 385
Superoxide radicals, 114, 668
Supplementary motor cortex, 233
Supporting cells. See Neuroglial (glial) cells
Suppressor T lymphocytes. See Regulatory T
lymphocytes
Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), 227–228, 347–348
Supraoptic nuclei, 227, 333
Surface active agent, 540
Surface tension, 29, 539
Surfactants, 39, 540, 540f
Surveillance, immunological, 519–520
Suspensory ligament, 293
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells, 276, 557, 705,
716–718
Sutherland, Earl, 5t
Svedberg units, 60
Swallowing, 620, 623
Swallowing center, 624
Sweat glands, 15, 18, 259t, 260
Sweating, 7, 475
Sweet taste, 275, 275f, 276
Swelling. See Edema
SXR (steroid and xenobiotic receptor), 641
Sympathetic chain of ganglia, 246, 246–247f
Sympathetic nervous system
aging and, 261
blood flow regulation by, 466, 467t
divergence and convergence in, 246–247
functions of, 251
gastrointestinal regulation by, 622
glomerular filtration and, 589
glucagon secretion and, 679
insulin secretion and, 679
mass activation of, 247, 251fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 31fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 31 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM