I-32 Indexactive, 132, 133, 144–148, 145–148f, 590–591
axonal, 164–165
bulk, 54–55, 148–149, 149f
coupled, 146–147, 146f
in epithelial membranes, 147–148, 147–148f
non-carrier-mediated, 133
paracellular, 147–148
passive, 133, 133f, 144, 590–591
in plasma membranes, 132–133, 133f
renal clearance and, 599–600
retrograde, 62, 165
transcellular, 147–148
Transport maximum, 142, 603
Transpulmonary pressure, 538, 538t
Trans sterioisomers, 32, 32f
Transurethral resection (TUR), 719
Transverse colon, 633
Transverse (T) tubules, 371–373
Trastuzumab (Herceptin), 325, 518, 520
Tremors, 230, 391, 391t
Treppe, 375
TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone), 42, 196t, 335
Triacylglycerol, 36. See also Triglycerides
Triamterene (Dyrenium), 612
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, 107, 111–112,
112–113f
Trichromatic color vision, 303, 303f
Tricuspid valve, 419
Tricyclic antidepressants, 194
Trigeminal nerve, 230, 237t
Triglycerides
absorption of, 653
in adipose cells, 58
aggregations of, 58
digestion of, 652–653, 653f
exercise and, 379, 383
formation of, 36, 38f, 119–120
secretion by liver, 641
Triiodothyronine (T 3 ), 320, 325, 326f, 342
Tripeptides, 41
Triple reuptake inhibitors, 194
Tritanopia, 303
Tritium, 26
tRNA (transfer RNA), 46, 66, 68–69, 70f
Trochlear nerve, 237t
Trophic hormones, 331–332, 650
Trophoblast cells, 738
Tropomyosin, 370–371, 371f
Troponin, 370–371, 371f, 392
Troponin C, 370, 392
Troponin I, 370, 392
Troponin T, 370, 392
TRP (transient receptor potential) channels, 271
Trypsin, 93, 631, 643, 651
Trypsinogen, 643, 644f
Tryptophan, 122t, 192, 319
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), 332, 332t,
333–334, 342–343
T 4 (tetraiodothyronine). See Thyroxine
T tubules, 371–373, 372–373f
Tuberculosis, 526
Tubocurarine. See Curare
Tubules
dentinal, 18
mammary glands, 745f, 746
microtubules, 52t, 55, 57, 57f
nephron, 585, 586–587
seminiferous tubules, 349, 705, 713, 713f
transverse, 371–373
Tubuloglomerular feedback, 589aging and, 499
antigen-presenting cells and, 510, 510–513f,
510–514, 510f
autoreactive, 517–518, 521
cancer cell destruction by, 519–520, 520f
in clonal selection theory, 515–516
comparison with B lymphocytes, 499, 500t
helper, 508, 509, 511–512, 511–513f
in hypersensitivity reactions, 523, 526
killer, 507–508, 511–512, 511–513f, 519–520
local inflammation and, 502
regulatory, 508, 518
viruses, response to, 512, 512f
a-Tocopherol. See Vitamin E
Tolerance
central, 518
to drugs, 61
immunological, 517–518
peripheral, 518
Toll-like receptors, 495, 500, 517
Toll receptors, 495
Tomography
computed, 212, 213t
positron-emission, 192, 212, 213t
Tone
of cardiac muscles, 245
of skeletal muscles, 387
of smooth muscles, 245
Tongue, 274–275, 275f, 621
Tonicity, 140, 141f
Tonic receptors, 268, 268–269f
Tonotopic organization, 289
Tonsils, 444, 499
Tooth. See Teeth
Torr, 544t, 547
Torricelli, Evangelista, 547
Total blood volume, 451
Total minute volume, 542, 542t
Total peripheral resistance, 452, 465, 476
Total renal blood flow, 603
Totipotent cells, 19
Touch, receptors for, 270, 272–273, 273–274f, 273 t
Toxemia of pregnancy, 333, 484
Toxins, 495
t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator), 417
Trace elements, 668
Trachea, 535–536
Tracheostomy, 536
Tracheotomy, 536
Tract, in nervous system, 164t, 166
Training. See Endurance training; Resistance training
Transaminase, 91t
Transamination, 122–123, 122f
Transcellular transport, 147–148
Transcription factors, 65, 75, 323–324
Transdifferentiation, 740
Transducins, 301
Transduction, sensory, 267
Trans fats, 37, 37f
Transferrin, 408, 412
Transfer RNA (tRNA), 46, 66, 68–69, 70f
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFb), 520
Transfusion reactions, 412–413
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 218
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, 271
Transitional epithelium, 13t
Translation, genetic, 63, 68–71, 69f, 71 f
Transmural (transpulmonary) pressure, 538, 538t
Transplants, stem cell, 411
Transport. See also Carrier-mediated transportTheoretical ATP yield, 116
Theories, 3
Thermic effect of food, 675
Thermodynamics, first and second laws of,
97–98, 134
Thermogenesis, 120–121, 674–675
Thermoreceptors, 267
Thermoregulation, 474
Thermotaxis, 735
Theta waves, 214, 214f
Thiamine. See Vitamin B 1
Thiazide diuretics, 611t, 612
Thiazolidinediones, 685
Thick filaments, 365, 365–366f
Thin filaments, 365, 365–366f
Third-degree AV node blocks, 442
Third ventricle, 225
Thirst centers, 226, 460, 461
Thoracic aortic aneurysms, 432
Thoracic cavity, 536, 537f
Thoracic duct, 443
Thoracic muscles, 541–542, 541f
Thoracic nerves, 236
Thoracic veins, 436, 455
Thoracolumbar nervous system. See Sympathetic
nervous system
Threonine, 122t
Thrombin, 416
Thrombocytes. See Platelets
Thrombocytopenia, 411, 484, 522
Thrombocytosis, 410
Thrombolytic agents, 417
Thrombopoietin, 410–411
Thrombosis, coronary, 414, 417
Thromboxane A 2 , 351, 414
Thrombus, 436
Thymine, 45, 45f, 63
Thymus, 318t, 499
Thymus-dependent cells. See T lymphocytes
Thyrocalcitonin. See Calcitonin
Thyroglobulin, 342
Thyroid follicles, 341
Thyroid gland, 318t, 341–342f, 341–343
Thyroid hormone family, of receptors, 324
Thyroid hormones
abnormal levels of, 342–343, 344t
in bone physiology, 692
mechanism of action, 325, 342
receptors for, 155, 323–325, 326f
structural formulas for, 320, 320f
synthesis of, 341, 343f
Thyroiditis, 521, 522, 522t
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 332, 332t,
333–334, 342–343
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 42, 196t, 335
Thyroxine, 320, 325, 341, 342, 686–687
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), 325
TIAs (transient ischemic attacks), 218
Tidal volume, 542, 542t
Tight junctions, 147
TIL (tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte), 520
Tinnitus, 282
Tissue factor, 416–417
Tissue (interstitial) fluid, 20–21, 131, 705
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), 417
Tissues. See Primary tissues
Tissue thromboplastin. See Tissue factor
Titin, 367, 367f, 384
T lymphocytes
activation of, 510–511, 510ffox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 32fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 32 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM