‘boxes’ through which individuals pass. Even static structural models such as
the niche-based models (Warren, 1996 ; Williams & Martinez,2000, Cattinet al.,
2004 ) could be revisited (explicitly using using body size as the niche dimen-
sion), using size-specific rules for link allocation to examine the extent to which
individual-level size-based trophic rules provide an envelope for food-web
organization. Such models could potentially generate relative constancy of
structure, even as the identities of the entities in the web change. Linking size
distributions with trophic dynamics is also likely to be an area of increasing
interest (Persson & De Roos, this volume), particularly because of the effects of
stressors on size distributions and the implications for ecosystem functioning.
Of course, going beyond aquatic systems also raises the considerable challenge
of ascertaining whether the size-dominated view of aquatic food webs, that
comes from looking through the contents of a pond net and using a plankton
counter, applies to terrestrial systems.References
Achord, S., Levin, P. S. & Zabel, R. W. (2003).
Density-dependent mortality in Pacific
salmon: the ghost of impacts past?Ecology
Letters, 6 , 335–342.
Aljetlawi, A. A., Sparrevick, E. & Leonardsson, K.
(2004). Prey-predator size-dependent func-
tional response: derivation and rescaling to
the real world.Journal of Animal Ecology, 73 ,
239–252.
Beare, D., Batten, S.D., Edwards, M.et al. (2003).
Summarising spatial and temporal infor-
mation in CPR data.Progress in Oceanography,
58 , 217–233.
Bechara, J. A., Moreau, G. & Hare, L. (1993). The
impact of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)on
an experimental stream benthic commun-
ity: the role of spatial and size refugia.
Journal of Animal Ecology, 62 , 451–464.
Blumenshine, S. C., Lodge, D. M. & Hodgson, J. R.
(2000). Gradient of fish predation alters
body size distributions of lake benthos.
Ecology, 81 , 374–386.
Breck, J.R. & Gitter, M. J. (1983). Effect of fish size
on the reactive distance of bluegill (Lepomis
machrochirus).Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences, 40 , 162–167.
Brett, J.R. & Glass, N. R. (1973). Metabolic rates
and critical swimming speed of sockeyesalmonOncorynchus nerkain relation to size
and temperature.Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, 30 , 379–387.
Brooks, J.L. (1968). The effects of prey size
selection by lake planktivores.Systematic
Zoology, 17 , 273–291.
Brooks, J.L. & Dodson, S. I. (1965). Predation,
body size, and composition of plankton.
Science, 150 , 28–35.
Brose, U., Berlow, E.L., Jonsson, T.et al. (2005).
Body sizes of consumers and their
resources.Ecology, 86 , 2545–2546.
Brown, J. H. (1995).Macroecology. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Brown, J. H. & Gillooly, J.J. (2003). Ecological
food webs: high-quality data facilitate theo-
retical unification.Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA, 100 , 1467–1468.
Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J.F., Allen, A. P., Savage,
V. M. & West, G. B. (2004). Toward a meta-
bolic theory of ecology.Ecology, 85 ,
1771–1789.
Bystro ̈m, P. (2006). Recruitment pulses induce
cannibalistic giants in Arctic Char.Journal of
Animal Ecology, 75 , 434–444.
Cattin, M.-F., Bersier, L.-F., Banasek-Richter, C.,
Baltensberger, R. & Gabriel, J.-P. (2004).
Phylogenetic constraints and adaptation114 G. WOODWARD AND P. WARREN