Sociology Now, Census Update

companionship, and security. Secondary groups, such as co-workers or club
members, come together for instrumental reasons:They want to work together to
meet common goals. Secondary groups are generally larger and make less of an
emotional claim on your identity. In real life, most groups have elements of both:
You may join the local chapter of the Green Party because you want to support its
political agenda, but you are unlikely to stay involved unless you form some
emotional connections with the other members.

In-Groups and Out-Groups.William Graham Sumner (1906) identified two different
types of groups that depend on membership and affinity. An in-groupis a group
I feel positively toward and to which I actually belong. An out-groupis one to which
I don’t belong and do not feel very positively toward. We may feel competitive or
hostile toward members of an out-group. Often we think of members of out-groups
as bad, wrong, inferior, or just weird, but the specific reactions vary greatly. An avid
tennis player may enjoy a wonderful friendship or romance with someone who hates
tennis, with only some occasional teasing to remind that friend that he or she
belongs to an out-group.
Sometimes, groups attempt to create a sense of superiority for members of the
in-group—or to constitute themselves as an in-group in the first place. For example,
members of a club want to create an aura of importance to their weekly meetings.
They may charge a massive “initiation” fee that only other rich people could afford
to pay or insist that membership is only open to graduates of an Ivy League college.
Creating an in-group can be conscious and deliberate. But for the in-group to be suc-
cessful, members of the out-group (those not in the in-group) must actually want to
join. Otherwise all those secret codes and handshakes just look silly.
Sometimes, however, especially when in-groups and out-groups are divided on the
basis of race, nationality, gender, sexuality, or other ascribed status, reactions become
more severe and violent. The Holocaust of World War II, the ethnic cleansings of

GROUPS 83

Group Membership

The groups we belong to have a profound influence on our lives. With some groups, such as a

church or political group, that influence is intentional; with other, less formal groups, it is less

so. There are benefits to belonging to groups. For example, research shows that those with

stronger social ties and networks lead happier, healthier lives. So, what do you think?

Go to the end of the chapter to compare your answers with national survey data.

3.2

What

do

you

think

❍Yes

❍No

Are there any activities that you do with the same group of people on a regular basis, even if the group

doesn’t have a name, such as a bridge group, exercise group, or a group that meets to discuss

individual or community problems?

?