own churches, which quickly became the cultural and
social centers of the newly arrived free Blacks to the north-
ern cities and in the small southern towns where the
descendents of former slaves settled.
Sociologist E. Franklin Frazier (1974) studied the
Black church in America and especially noted how it
answered secular as well as sacred needs for its commu-
nity. The Black church was far more expressive than the
more staid White churches and often integrated elements
of traditional and long-suppressed African religion into its
services, including singing, dancing, and especially call-
and-response styles of preaching and praying. But he was
especially impressed with the way that these churches
became a training ground for activist ministers who began
the Civil Rights movement—Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton, Martin Luther King Jr. him-
self—and were consistently inspired by Biblical stories of nonviolent resistance.
Today the Black church remains influential, both as a source of religious inspi-
ration and for political mobilization (Battle, 2006; Billingsley, 1999) Ministers
like Jesse Jackson mounted serious campaigns for the presidency; ministers are often
powerful orators who inspire and mobilize. The Black church’s contribution to
American society has been enormous, including being the origins of soul and gospel
music (Sam Cooke and Aretha Franklin got their start in gospel groups).
Religion on Campus
It is on college campuses that science and religion most often clashed. Many of the
nation’s first colleges and universities, such as Harvard and Yale, were originally
designed for the training of ministers, but they soon expanded into other fields, and
even at church-related colleges today, only a small percentage of students major in
religion. Public universities are often so careful to maintain the separation of church
and state that they usually have no departments of religious studies and often no
courses devoted to any religion.
The higher your level of educational attainment, the less devout you will be in
practicing your religion. That means that the professors, who usually have PhDs, tend
to number among the nation’s unfaithful. But their students are often quite religious.
They may come from strict religious backgrounds; most likely they never hear of con-
flicting scientific data like evolution and the age of Earth until they enroll in Biology
101, and they certainly have never been asked to read and discuss the works of
atheists like Karl Marx. Yet religious belief and practice have never been stronger on
college campuses. After a decline during the 1980s, religion has been regaining ground.
More students are enrolling in religion courses and majoring in religion; more are
living in dormitories or houses where spirituality and faith are parts of daily life; and
groups are springing up where students can discuss religious ideas as a means of under-
standing the world in addition to (or instead of) science (Finder, 2007).
While church attendance among college students is lower than that of the nation
as a whole (in part because services are held on Sunday morning, not an attractive
time slot after a Saturday night of partying), the first national survey on the spiritual
lives of college students (2004) found that more than two-thirds of college freshman
pray, and almost 80 percent believe in God. Nearly 50 percent of freshman say they
are seeking opportunities to grow spiritually (Higher Education Research Institute,
2004). Perhaps that’s why the popularity of nondenominational Christian organizations
has surged on campus in recent years. Membership in the long-established Campus
RELIGION IN THE UNITED STATES 505JThe Black church often
integrated elements of tradi-
tional and long-suppressed
African religion into its ser-
vices, including singing and
dancing, and especially call-
and-response-styles of preach-
ing and praying. These women
are members of the Temple of
Deliverance Church of God and
Christ in Memphis.