bit chubbier, but overweight Americans are much
heavier now than ever. According to the National
Health and Nutrition Examination survey, America’s
BMI has moved towards the extremes; that is, the thin
are getting thinner, and the fat are getting fatter. We’re
either exercising obsessively or sedentary couch pota-
toes, eating tofu and organic raw vegetables or Big
Macs and supersized fried foods.
The five states with the highest levels of obesity
are Mississippi, where nearly 30 percent of the pop-
ulation is obese, followed by Alabama, West Virginia,
Tennessee, and Louisiana. The five states with the lowest levels are Colorado, at
16.7 percent, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (Centers for
Disease Control, 2007).
Inequalities of class, race, and gender fuel these trends. Among Mexican Amer-
ican women, for example, those below the poverty line have a 13 percent higher obe-
sity rate than those above it. About 16 to 26 percent of Hispanic and Black Americans
have diabetes, one of the possible medical consequences of obesity, compared with
12 percent of Whites (Crister, 2003, pp. 4–5) (Table 16.1).
Once a modest girth was a sign of prosperity; today it is the poor who are more
likely to be heavy. Diets of cheap fast food coupled with significantly less exercise
lead to unhealthier lives. Many poor people don’t know that exercise is good for their
health. In 2000, 37 percent of people whose income was less than $25,000 agreed
with the statement “There are so many conflicting reports, I don’t know if exercise
is good or bad for me,” compared with 14 percent of those making between $50,000
and $75,000 and 12 percent of those making more than $75,000. Two-thirds of those
making more than $50,000 said they “would definitely exercise more
if I had the time,” while less than half (46 percent) of those under
$25,000 said they would (cited in Crister, 2003, p. 71). Among young
people, the best predictors of being overweight are how much exer-
cise one gets and what types of food one eats (Crister, 2003).
Globally, obesity is a growing health problem, the mirror image
of hunger and starvation. The World Health Organization claims that
there are now as many overnourished people as undernourished
around the world; they call obesity “the dominant unmet global health
issue” (Crister, 2003, p. 1; see also Newman, 2004). The World
Health Organization gathered information about obesity from 36 dif-
ferent countries between 2000 and 2004 and found that 29 of them—
including New Zealand, Mexico, Finland, Israel, Canada, Australia,
Ireland, Peru, Sweden, Belgium, and Brazil—have fewer obesity-
related public health problems than does the United States (World
Health Organization, 2007).
Obesity is coupled with starvation and malnourishment in many
developing societies as well. Recent surveys in India find consistently
high levels of malnourishment among children and dramatically
increasing obesity, despite record levels of economic development.
Over half of all Indian children between 10 and 16 years old are either
obese or malnourished (Sengupta, 2006).
Despite their connection, we think of starvation and obesity very
differently. We have pity for the hungry and donate significantly to
charities that minister to hunger. We have contempt for the obese and
believe it is their fault that they are fat. Both hunger and obesity are
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE BODY 525TABLE 16.1
U.S. Obesity: Percent by Race and Class
ANNUAL INCOME
$10,000 OR LESS 20–25,000 50,000 OR MOREWhite 19 20 16
Black 33 27 23
Hispanic 26 18 22Source:Adapted from Crister, 2003.Obesity has become a global
problem, not restricted to
industrialized consumer
societies. And imported
images of the beautiful body,
as in the poster looking over
this Chinese teenager's shoul-
der, also become the standard
against which everyone is
measured.n