systems” by Camille Parmesan and Gary Yohe inNature421, January 2, 2003; and “Ecological
responses to recent climate change,” by Gian-Reta Walther, et al, inNature416, March 28, 2002.
For polar regions, please see “Trouble in Polar Paradise” (various authors),Science297,
August 30, 2002. For worldwide mountain glacier retreat and sea-level rise, the best sources
are “Mass balance of mountain and sub-polar glaciers” by Mark Meier and M.B. Dyurgerov
inArctic and Alpine Research29 (4), 1997, and a second paper by the two inScience297, July
19, 2002. Specific to Antarctic Peninsula changes is “Marine Ecosystem Sensitivity to
Climate Change” by Raymond Smith, et al, inBioScience 49(5), 1999. And for Alaska, see
“Observational Evidence of Recent Change in the Northern High-Latitude Environment” by
Mark Serreze, et al, inClimatic Change4, 2000.
A good source on rising temperatures, health and disease is “U.S. National Assessment
of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change: Human Health,” available
at http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/health/default.htm, especially the brochure for
downloading, suitable for non-scientists. For information about the European heat wave,
please see http://www.earthpolicy.org/Updates/Update29_data.htm. These data were com-
piled by Janet Larsen of the Earth Policy Institute from European medical and press sources.
Her article about this disaster is at http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update29.htm.
PART TWO: ECOSYSTEMS IN TROUBLE
CHAPTERSIX
Kieran Mulvaney’s initial research on climate change in the Arctic was conducted during a 3-
month voyage in the region onboard the icebreaker Arctic Sunrise in 1998; it has subse-
quently been supplemented through ongoing interviews, research, and writing, much of
which was featured in his book At the Ends of the Earth: A History of the Polar Regions
(Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2001).
A compilation of Alaska Native observations on climate change was published as Answers
from the Ice Edge: The Consequences of Climate Change on Life in the Bering and Chukchi Seasby
Margie A. Gibson and Sallie B. Schullinger (Anchorage: Arctic Network/Greenpeace, 1998).
George Divoky’s work on black guillemots in Arctic Alaska was featured in “George Divorky’s
Planet” by Darcy Frey that appeared as the cover story of theNew York Times Magazineon
January 6, 2002. Two essential overviews of climate change in the western Arctic, including
several of the case studies featured in this chapter, were edited by Gunter Weller and Patricia
Anderson and published by the Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research of the
University of Alaska Fairbanks as Implications of Global Change in Alaska and the Bering Sea
Region (1997) and Assessing the Consequences of Climate Change for Alaska and the Bering Sea
Region (1998). The more recent case study of mosquitoes and Brünnich’s guillemots was
published in 2002 in A. J. Gaston, J. M. Hipfner, and D. Campbell, “Heat and Mosquitoes
Cause Breeding Failures and Adult Mortality in an Arctic-Nesting Seabird,” Ibis144, pp.
185–191. An examination of the changes in the Bering Sea and western Gulf of Alaska is
available in The Bering Sea Ecosystem (Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, 1996).
Finally, two recommended and recent overviews include the polar regions chapter of the
latest IPCC Assessment Report, Climate Change 2001: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation
and Vulnerability, and a collection of papers in a special issue of the journal Science297, no.
5586, August 30, 2002.
CHAPTERSEVEN
Orna Izakson gathered material for this chapter beginning in 2000, while on assignment for
E/The Environmental Magazine.
180 Endnotes